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Explanation The Goldman Cardiac Risk Index is one of the earliest validated tools used to estimate perioperative cardiac complications in non-cardiac surgery. Each variable contributes a specific weighted score based on its statistical association with adverse outcomes. Total points determine the risk class, which correlates with predicted complication rates: Class I: 0–5 points (1% risk) Class II: 6–12 points (7% ri
Cardiac Surgery Frailty Index (Pre-Operative): Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiac Surgery Frailty Index (CSFI) is a multidimensional assessment tool developed by Afilalo and colleagues to quantify preoperative frailty in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It integrates objective and functional domains including gait speed, grip strength, cognition, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and dependence in activities of
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Inflammatory Response Index (CPB-IRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The CPB-IRI is based upon the concept of the systemic immune/inflammation index (SII) — calculated as platelet count multiplied by neutrophil count and divided by lymphocyte count. It serves as a surrogate marker of the inflammatory response initiated during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB activates complement, neutrophil