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E/A Ratio Grading (Diastolic Function): Explanation and Clinical Context The E/A ratio is obtained from Doppler echocardiography by dividing the peak early (E) mitral inflow velocity by the peak atrial (A) contraction velocity. It is a cornerstone for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function. Grade I (E/A < 0.8) represents impaired relaxation, commonly seen in early diastolic dysfunction and aging. Grade II (E/
E/e' Ratio: Explanation and Clinical Context The E over e prime ratio is one of the most widely used echocardiographic indices to estimate left ventricular filling pressure. The E wave represents early diastolic transmitral flow velocity which increases when the left atrial pressure rises. The e prime velocity is measured at the mitral annulus and reflects the intrinsic rate of myocardial relaxation. Since e prime de
ESC 2015 Pericarditis Risk Factors: Explanation and Clinical Context The 2015 ESC guideline identifies several predictors associated with an increased risk of complications and poorer prognosis in patients presenting with acute pericarditis. Major risk features include: high fever (>38 °C), a subacute clinical course (insidious or prolonged symptom onset), evidence of a large pericardial effusion (diastolic echo-free
e' Average: Explanation and Clinical Context The e prime average value represents the combined early diastolic mitral annular velocity obtained from the lateral and septal annulus using tissue Doppler imaging. This index provides a quantitative assessment of myocardial relaxation, which is a key determinant of left ventricular diastolic function. Because the lateral annulus typically exhibits higher velocities and th