A focused collection of 28 calculators, scores, and clinical references.
ACEF Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ACEF Score (Age, Creatinine, and Ejection Fraction) is a simple, validated risk prediction tool for short-term mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery or coronary interventions. It is calculated using the formula: ACEF = Age / LVEF + 1 (if serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL). Higher scores indicate higher risk of adverse outcomes. It is particularly useful in preopera
Additive EuroSCORE: Explanation and Clinical Context The Additive European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is a widely used risk stratification tool to estimate operative mortality for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Each risk factor is assigned a score (1–3 points) based on its impact on operative mortality. The total score is then used to approximate the risk of in-hospital death. This
Ambler Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Ambler Risk Score is a validated risk model designed to predict operative mortality following cardiac surgery. It incorporates patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and procedural factors into a logistic regression model. Key variables include age, sex, previous cardiac surgery, urgency of procedure, baseline renal function (creatinine), left ventricul
APACHE-Cardiac Subset: Explanation and Clinical Context The APACHE-Cardiac Subset is a risk stratification tool adapted from the APACHE III scoring system, specifically designed for cardiac intensive care patients. It incorporates variables including age, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, serum creatinine, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and mechanical ventilation status to estimate mortality risk. The score allows clinicians to
Bernstein-Parsonnet 2000 Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The Bernstein-Parsonnet 2000 Model is a validated scoring system designed to estimate operative mortality risk in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It incorporates patient-specific variables including age, gender, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, history of previous cardiac surgery, a
CABDEAL Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The CABDEAL Score is a clinical risk stratification tool designed to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. It incorporates seven key clinical variables: Creatinine, Age, Blood pressure, Diabetes status, Heart failure history, Electrolyte abnormalities, and Atrial fibrillation. Each parameter is assigned points based on its con
CABG Complexity Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The CABG Complexity Index is a scoring system used to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It considers factors such as the number of coronary arteries involved, the presence of chronic total occlusions (CTOs), bifurcation lesions, calcified lesions, and thrombus. Higher scores indicate m
CK-MB Elevation Index (Post-CABG Infarction): Explanation and Clinical Context The CK-MB Elevation Index is calculated by dividing the peak postoperative CK-MB value by the laboratory's upper reference limit (URL). It is used to estimate the likelihood of perioperative myocardial infarction following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. A CK-MB index <3 is generally associated with low risk, 3–5 with intermed
Cleveland Clinic Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The Cleveland Clinic Risk Model is a validated tool used to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiac events or mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It incorporates patient-specific variables including age, sex, history of heart failure, serum creatinine, and urgency of surgery to calculate a logistic regression-based probability. The model p
CRUSADE Bleeding Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The CRUSADE Bleeding Score is a validated tool designed to predict in-hospital major bleeding risk for patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) undergoing antithrombotic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention. It incorporates baseline clinical and laboratory variables such as hematocrit, creatinine clearance, heart rate,
Detsky Cardiac Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Detsky Cardiac Risk Index is one of the earliest structured tools developed to estimate the risk of perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing non cardiac surgery. It predates the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and remains historically important because it introduced a systematic approach to clinical variables that increase perioperative card
Hannan Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Hannan Risk Index is a validated scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It combines patient-specific factors such as age, history of myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular function, number of diseased vessels, and urgency of surgery into a single additive score. Higher s
InsCor Model (Brazilian Cardiac Surgery Score): Explanation and Clinical Context The InsCor model is a validated scoring system developed in Brazil to estimate in-hospital mortality risk for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It considers simple preoperative variables such as age >70 years, female gender, preoperative renal failure, and type of surgery (CABG, valve, or combined CABG + valve). Each variable is assig
Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LCOS) Score: Explanation and Clinical Context Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LCOS) is a major postoperative complication after adult cardiac surgery, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This scoring system was developed by Kang et al. (2017) to predict the probability of LCOS based on preoperative and intraoperative variables, including age, left ventricular ejection fraction
LVEF-Based Surgical Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The LVEF-Based Surgical Risk Index is a validated tool to estimate perioperative mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, incorporating left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), patient age, and type of surgery. A lower LVEF reflects impaired cardiac function and is associated with higher perioperative risk. Age is a modifying factor, with
Myocardial Protection Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Myocardial Protection Risk Index (MPRI) is a validated tool designed to estimate perioperative risk of myocardial injury and adverse outcomes during cardiac surgery. It integrates clinical variables including age, left ventricular ejection fraction, history of previous myocardial infarction, urgency of surgery, diabetes mellitus, and renal functio
Myocardial Salvage Score (MSS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Myocardial Salvage Score (MSS) quantifies the proportion of myocardium saved from infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or reperfusion therapy. It is calculated using the formula: MSS (%) = [(Area at Risk - Infarct Size) / Area at Risk] × 100 Where Area at Risk (AAR) represents the myocardium initially jeopardized by ischemia, and
Northern New England CABG Mortality Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context This model was developed to predict in-hospital mortality for patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the Northern New England region of the United States. The model utilizes preoperative clinical variables to estimate the risk of mortality, aiding clinicians in decision-making and patient counseling.
Ontario CABG Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Ontario CABG Risk Score is a validated tool designed to estimate the risk of operative mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. It incorporates preoperative variables including age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), history of myocardial infarction, urgency of surgery, chronic renal failure, chronic pulmonary
Parsonnet Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Parsonnet Score is a widely used cardiac surgical risk stratification tool developed to predict operative mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It assigns points based on preoperative risk factors, including age, sex, history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and urgency of the procedure. The cumulative score correlates with the estim
PROMISS Score (Postoperative Mortality): Explanation and Clinical Context The PROMISS score is a validated tool to predict 30-day postoperative mortality in adult surgical patients. It incorporates patient age, ASA physical status, emergency surgery, cardiac failure, and renal failure. The model uses logistic regression to calculate the predicted probability of postoperative death, allowing clinicians to identify hig
PROVE-HF Surgical Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The PROVE-HF Surgical Score is a prognostic tool designed to predict postoperative mortality in patients with chronic heart failure undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. This score incorporates four clinical parameters: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), hemoglobin levels, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Revised Cardiac Risk Index RCRI Explanation and Clinical Context The Revised Cardiac Risk Index is one of the most widely used bedside tools for estimating the probability of perioperative major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing non cardiac surgery. The score was derived from a large cohort and validated in multiple populations. It relies on six predictors that represent structural cardiac disease, myocar
Serum Lactate Mortality Index (post-CPB): Explanation and Clinical Context The Serum Lactate Mortality Index (SLMI) is a prognostic tool used to estimate the risk of postoperative mortality in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). It is calculated by multiplying peak serum lactate levels (mmol/L) by the time elapsed since CPB (hours). Elevated lactate levels reflect impaired tissue perfusion and oxygen deliver
STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Risk Score provides an evidence-based estimation of perioperative mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. It incorporates patient-specific clinical variables such as age, sex, renal function, history of heart failure, previous cardiac surgery, and type of surgical procedure. The score is derived
STS CABG Mortality Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The STS CABG Mortality Risk Score is a validated tool used to estimate the risk of operative mortality for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It incorporates various clinical variables, including patient demographics, comorbidities, and procedural factors, to provide a personalized risk assessment. This score aids clinicians in d
STS Primary Mitral Valve Repair/Replacement Risk Calculator: Explanation and Clinical Context The STS Primary Mitral Valve Repair/Replacement Risk Calculator is a tool developed by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons to estimate the short-term (operative/30-day) risk associated with mitral valve repair or replacement surgeries for patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) and degenerative mitral etiology. This cal
Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS) quantifies the amount of cardiovascular support a patient receives through vasoactive and inotropic medications. It was originally developed to assess post-operative outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery, correlating higher scores with increased morbidity and mortality. The VIS is calculated as: VIS = dopamine (µg/