Clinical pathway

Sports Cardiology, Exercise & Occupational Considerations

A focused collection of 19 calculators, scores, and clinical references.

19tools & references

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Altitude Cardiac Stress Index (ACSI) Calculator – High-Altitude Athletes

Altitude Cardiac Stress Index (ACSI): Explanation and Clinical Context The ACSI is a pragmatic, heuristic tool intended to summarize cardiac stress loads for athletes training or competing at altitude. It integrates key determinants of hypoxic cardiac strain: absolute altitude and ascent rate (as proxies for ambient hypoxia burden), acclimatization time, resting oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and hema

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ARVC Screening Probability in Athletes (Family History + ECG) Calculator

ARVC Screening Probability in Athletes: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator assists sports cardiologists in assessing pre-test probability for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ACM) in athletes using key signals: family history and characteristic ECG abnormalities. A first-degree relative with confirmed ARVC or a pathogenic variant markedly raises pre-test suspicion. Similarly, young-age sudden cardiac

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Athletic Heart vs Pathology Differentiation Score (Echo + ECG)

: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool is intended to assist clinicians in distinguishing physiological cardiac adaptation in athletes (“athlete’s heart”) from potentially pathological conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The score integrates key features from resting ECG (e.g., T-wave inversion, pathological Q waves, bundle

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Cardiac Screening Cost-Effectiveness Model (Population-Level)

: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements a population-level cost-effectiveness framework to evaluate cardiac screening programs that identify high-risk individuals and initiate preventive therapy. Users input epidemiologic parameters, screening performance, and cost/QALY data to estimate ICER, QALY gains, and total costs. The model applies reference-case conventions and allows rapid scenario test

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Commotio Cordis Risk Model (Sport-Specific) Calculator

Player age (years) Projectile speed (mph) (enter best estimate; 40 mph is peak hazard in experimental models) Projectile type Standard/official ball or puckReduced-impact safety baseball (T-ball/soft core)Other/unknown NOCSAE-certified chest protection worn? No/UnknownYes (NOCSAE commotio cordis standard) Commotio Cordis Risk Model (Sport-Specific): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides an evidenc

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Device Safety in Contact Sports Index (ICD Pacemaker Risks) Calculator

Device Safety in Contact Sports Index (ICD/Pacemaker Risks): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides a pragmatic, literature-informed risk index to support shared decision-making for athletes with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)—including transvenous ICDs, subcutaneous ICDs (S-ICDs), transvenous pacemakers, and leadless pacemakers—who wish to participate in sports with varying levels

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Diving Fitness Cardiac Clearance Score Calculator

Diving Fitness Cardiac Clearance Score: Explanation and Clinical Context This scoring tool aims to support clinicians in assessing cardiovascular fitness for diving in recreational or occupational settings. It incorporates key parameters known to influence cardiovascular event risk (age, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, exercise tolerance, and known coronary artery disease) in the diving environment. Imme

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Endurance Athlete Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Risk Score Calculator

Endurance Athlete Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context Endurance athletes, particularly those engaged in long-term high-volume aerobic training, have an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with the general population. The pathophysiology involves atrial remodeling due to chronic volume overload, elevated vagal tone, and atrial fibrosis. The Endurance Athlete AF R

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Exercise Prescription Cardiac Safety Index (HR Zones + Meds) Calculator

Exercise Prescription Cardiac Safety Index (HR Zones + Meds): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides individualized heart rate training zones integrating medication effects and cardiac safety factors. It uses the heart rate reserve (HRR) formula when resting HR is available and adjusts predicted HRmax for patients on beta-blockers using the Brawner equation (HRmax ≈ 164 − 0.7×age), otherwise the Ta

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Exercise-Induced Hypertension Risk Index (EIHR Index) Calculator

Exercise-Induced Hypertension Risk Index (EIHR Index): Explanation and Clinical Context Exercise-Induced Hypertension (EIH) refers to an exaggerated increase in systolic blood pressure during graded exercise testing, typically defined as a peak systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men or ≥190 mmHg in women. It reflects increased vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and an early marker of future sustained hypertension and

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HCM Screening Yield (Community Athlete) Calculator

HCM Screening Yield Model (Community Athlete): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the diagnostic yield of ECG-based pre-participation screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in community athletes. It combines sensitivity, specificity, and expected HCM prevalence to derive true positives, false negatives, false positives, and true negatives, as well as PPV, NPV, yield per

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Heat-related Cardiac Strain Index (HRCSI) Calculator

Heat-related Cardiac Strain Index (HRCSI): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates cardiovascular strain due to heat by integrating environmental and workload factors into a 0–10 scale. Higher values indicate elevated cardiac stress and risk of heat-related symptoms or cardiovascular drift. The HRCSI combines an adjusted Heat Index (environmental burden) with metabolic workload (METs) and modifies

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Left Ventricular Cavity Size Index for Athletes (BSA-adjusted) Calculator

Left Ventricular Cavity Size Index for Athletes (BSA-adjusted): Explanation and Clinical Context The Left Ventricular (LV) Cavity Size Index is calculated by dividing the LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) by body surface area (BSA). This index normalizes cardiac size to body size, allowing better differentiation between physiological enlargement due to athletic training and pathological dilation seen in cardiomyopat

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Occupational Exposure Cardiovascular Hazard Score (Airborne Particulates)

: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the incremental cardiovascular hazard associated with occupational fine particulate (PM2.5) exposure by converting a time-weighted PM2.5 increment (workplace minus ambient, adjusted for exposure hours and control efficiency) into a hazard ratio using meta-analytic coefficients (≈10% higher risk per 10 μg/m3 increase). The tool translates population-based ex

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PPE Cardiac Risk (AHA 14-Element) Calculator

Preparticipation Physical Evaluation (PPE) Cardiac Screening: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements the American Heart Association (AHA) 14-element cardiovascular screening checklist used during the PPE to identify athletes at risk for congenital or genetic heart disease associated with sudden cardiac arrest or death. It aggregates the 10 history items and 4 focused examination items, providing

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Pre-participation Screening ECG Abnormality Score (International Criteria)

: Explanation and Clinical Context The International Criteria provide a systematic approach to differentiate physiological, training-related ECG changes from patterns suggestive of cardiac pathology in athletes aged roughly 12–35 years. Borderline findings (left/right axis deviation, left/right atrial enlargement, and complete right bundle branch block) are common variants; a single borderline finding in isolation do

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Return-to-Play Post-Myocarditis Safety Calculator

Return-to-Play Post-Myocarditis: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator applies current expert consensus for evaluating return-to-play (RTP) readiness after myocarditis. Clearance requires a minimum restriction period of 3–6 months, complete symptom resolution, normalized cardiac biomarkers (troponin, CRP), recovery of ventricular function (LVEF ≥ 50%), and absence of ventricular arrhythmias on resting or e

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Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in Athletes Risk Calculator (Multivariate)

Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in Athletes: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator integrates multivariate risk modifiers observed in athlete populations—sex, race, sport type—and major red flags such as exertional syncope, family history, abnormal ECG, and known cardiac disease. It stratifies clinical concern but does not predict absolute probability. For athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the va

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Tobacco/Drug Use Cardiac Athlete Risk Multiplier Calculator

Tobacco/Drug Use Cardiac Athlete Risk Multiplier: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool provides an approximate multiplier of cardiovascular risk among athletes with a history of tobacco or recreational drug use. The calculation integrates age-related risk, resting heart rate, cumulative exposure (in years), and the physiological impact of the specific substance used. Chronic nicotine exposure increases sympathe