1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
Aortic Stiffness Index (ASI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Aortic Stiffness Index (β) is a non-invasive echocardiographic measure of the intrinsic stiffness of the ascending aorta. It reflects the mechanical properties of the aortic wall and is calculated using systolic and diastolic blood pressures and the corresponding aortic diameters. An increased ASI indicates reduced aortic compliance and is associated
Apical HCM Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Apical HCM Index is a simple echocardiographic metric calculated as the ratio of maximal apical wall thickness to the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD). It was first described by Kobayashi et al. to identify patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), particularly in populations where this variant is more prevalent, such as in Japan. An
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia–Pulmonary Hypertension (BPD–PH) Severity Classification: Explanation and Clinical Context BPD–PH is a serious complication of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Classification of severity combines oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age and echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Mild BPD-PH indicates low
Constriction Probability Score (Echo-based): Explanation and Clinical Context The Constriction Probability Score (Echo-based) is a diagnostic tool designed to assess the likelihood of constrictive pericarditis using echocardiographic parameters. This score incorporates key measurements such as Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVI), Right Atrial Volume Index (RAVI), Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE), and Tr
Cormier Score for Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis: Explanation and Clinical Context The Cormier Score is an echocardiographic scoring system used to evaluate the suitability of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis for percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV). It assesses anterior mitral leaflet mobility, presence of leaflet calcification, and severity of subvalvular involvement. Patients are stratified into thre
: Explanation and Clinical Context The DETECT Algorithm is a validated, evidence-based two-step screening tool for early detection of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). It was developed from a large prospective multicenter study (Coghlan et al., Ann Rheum Dis, 2014) that identified key clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic predictors of PAH in high-risk SSc patients
E-CPET Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The E-CPET Score integrates cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters with echocardiographic findings to assess the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). It combines peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak), ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO₂ slope), right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and patient age to provide a comprehensive
E/e' Ratio: Explanation and Clinical Context The E over e prime ratio is one of the most widely used echocardiographic indices to estimate left ventricular filling pressure. The E wave represents early diastolic transmitral flow velocity which increases when the left atrial pressure rises. The e prime velocity is measured at the mitral annulus and reflects the intrinsic rate of myocardial relaxation. Since e prime de
Echocardiographic PH Probability Algorithm (TTE-based): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator applies the 2022 ESC/ERS transthoracic echocardiographic algorithm for pulmonary hypertension (PH). It integrates the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) with secondary echocardiographic signs grouped into three categories (A, B, and C). A TRV > 3.4 m/s alone indicates a high probability of PH. When TRV is
EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score was developed from the EchoCRT trial population to predict the likelihood of non-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The model integrates clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters to stratify patients based on the probability of failing to show symptomatic or reverse remodeling
Global Longitudinal Strain Early Change Index (GLS-ECI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Global Longitudinal Strain Early Change Index (GLS-ECI) is a sensitive echocardiographic measure used to detect early myocardial dysfunction before overt changes in left ventricular ejection fraction occur. It is calculated as the percentage change between baseline GLS and follow-up GLS: GLS-ECI (%) = (Follow-up GLS − Baseli
H2FPEF Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The H2FPEF Score is a validated diagnostic scoring system designed to estimate the likelihood of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in patients presenting with unexplained dyspnea. It integrates six easily measurable clinical and echocardiographic variables: Heavy (BMI ≥30 kg/m²), Hypertensive (≥2 antihypertensive medications), Atrial fibrillation, Pu
HCM Risk-SCD 2.0 (ESC 2023 Update): Explanation and Clinical Context The HCM Risk-SCD 2.0 score is a validated tool to estimate the 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It integrates clinical, echocardiographic, and family history parameters, including age, maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial diameter, maximal LV outflow tract gradient, family
HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index is a composite echocardiographic measure designed to quantify the mechanical dyssynchrony and remodeling response in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It integrates key mechanical and electrical parameters that have been shown to predict CRT benefit, including septal-to-lateral dela
HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index is a composite echocardiographic measure designed to quantify the mechanical dyssynchrony and remodeling response in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It integrates key mechanical and electrical parameters that have been shown to predict CRT benefit, including septal-to-lateral dela
ICOS Biomarker Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The ICOS Biomarker Model integrates cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters to assess the risk of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients. Elevated levels of troponin (>16 ng/L) and BNP (>100 pg/mL), along with a reduced global longitudinal strain (<-18%), are indicative of increased risk. This model aids clinicians in early identification and management of
Calculator Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides noninvasive echocardiographic estimates that support interpretation of pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance in clinical practice. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure is estimated from the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity using the modified Bernoulli equation and an estimate of right atrial pressure. Use this estimate as o
LV Diastolic Stress Test Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Left Ventricular (LV) Diastolic Stress Test Index, primarily expressed as the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity (E) to early diastolic annular velocity (e′) during peak exercise, is a validated echocardiographic parameter to assess left ventricular filling pressures under stress conditions. A normal response (E/e′ < 10) suggests adequate relaxat
LV End-Diastolic Volume Index (LVEDVI): Explanation and Clinical Context LV End-Diastolic Volume Index (LVEDVI) represents the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, normalized to body surface area (BSA). It is a fundamental echocardiographic parameter to assess left ventricular size and remodeling. In clinical practice, LVEDVI helps detect dilated cardiomyopathy, monitor heart failure progress
LV GLS Drop >15% Rule: Explanation and Clinical Context The LV GLS (Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain) Drop >15% Rule is used for early detection of subclinical cardiotoxicity, particularly in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy, such as anthracyclines or trastuzumab. GLS is a sensitive echocardiographic parameter reflecting myocardial deformation. A relative reduction of more than 15% f
Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI): Explanation and Clinical Context Left ventricular mass index is a key echocardiographic parameter used to quantify the extent of cardiac structural remodeling associated with pressure or volume overload. The Devereux formula is the most validated method for estimating left ventricular mass using linear measurements obtained from parasternal long axis imaging. The resulting left ven
MADIT-CRT Response Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-CRT Response Score is a clinical tool developed to predict the likelihood of a favorable response to cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) in patients with heart failure and mild symptoms. The score is based on seven baseline clinical and echocardiographic variables: female sex, non-ischemic etiology, left bundle branch block
Maron Model (HCM SCD Prediction): Explanation and Clinical Context The Maron Model is a validated risk prediction tool for estimating the 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It incorporates easily obtainable clinical and echocardiographic variables, including maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular outflow tract gradient
MIDA Mortality Risk (Degenerative MR Surgery): Explanation and Clinical Context The MIDA Mortality Risk Score is a validated prognostic model derived from the Multicenter International Database on Mitral Valve Regurgitation (MIDA) registry. It uses seven clinical and echocardiographic parameters — age, symptoms, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left atr
MIRACLE Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MIRACLE Score is a validated scoring system designed to predict the likelihood of a positive response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) in patients with advanced heart failure. It incorporates clinical and echocardiographic variables including age, QRS duration, ischemic etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and NYHA functional class. The tot
Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score (MCRRS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score (MCRRS) is a validated point-based tool designed to predict short-term and mid-term mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) using MitraClip. It incorporates clinical, echocardiographic, and comorbidity factors including age, NYHA class IV, left ventricular ejecti
Mitral Regurgitation Severity Index (MRSI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Mitral Regurgitation Severity Index (MRSI) is a composite scoring system used to quantify the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR). It integrates echocardiographic parameters including vena contracta width, effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA), regurgitant volume, left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular eje
Myocardial Work Efficiency Index (MWEI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Myocardial Work Efficiency Index (MWEI) is a novel, non-invasive echocardiographic parameter derived from left ventricular (LV) pressure–strain loops. It integrates LV deformation (strain) and afterload to evaluate the energy efficiency of myocardial contraction. The index is calculated as the ratio between Global Constructive Work (GCW)—th
Mitral stenosis *Specific findings Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
Aortic Stenosis Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)
Mitral regurgitation Bolded qualitative and semiquantitative signs are considered specific for their MR grade. All parameters have limitations, and an integrated approach must be used that weighs the strength of each echocardiographic measurement. All signs and measures should be interpreted in an individualized manner that accounts for body size, sex, and all other patient characteristics. (1) This pertains mostly t
Pulmonary Stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
Tricuspid Stenosis *Specific findings Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
PDA Severity Score (PDAsc) — Explanation and Clinical Context The PDA Severity Score (PDAsc) is a multivariable echocardiography-based prognostic index developed to quantify early hemodynamic significance of a patent ductus arteriosus in very preterm infants and predict the composite outcome of chronic lung disease or death before discharge. The score combines gestational age, echocardiographic PDA diameter (pulmonar
Peak TRV Risk Stratification: Explanation and Clinical Context Peak tricuspid regurgitant velocity (TRV) is a key echocardiographic parameter used to estimate pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and assess the probability of pulmonary hypertension (PH). It is derived from continuous-wave Doppler measurement of the tricuspid regurgitation jet and incorporated into the simplified Bernoulli equation (ΔP = 4 × TRV²
Pericardial Effusion Tamponade Index (PETI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Pericardial Effusion Tamponade Index (PETI) is a quantitative echocardiographic score designed to assess the hemodynamic significance of pericardial effusion and predict the risk of cardiac tamponade. It combines the durations of right atrial and right ventricular collapse observed during echocardiography with the maximum width of the p
PROSPECT Echo Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The PROSPECT Echo Score is designed to predict the likelihood of a positive response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) based on echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters. Key variables include LVESV reduction percentage, QRS duration, mitral regurgitation severity, and left ventricular dyssynchrony index. Each parameter that meets a threshold
Pulmonary Valve Annulus (PVA) Z-score — explanation and clinical context This calculator implements the regression equations published by Pettersen et al. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008) to compute a z-score for the pulmonary valve annulus relative to body size. Pettersen and colleagues derived nonlinear polynomial regression models on the natural-log transformed echocardiographic measurements against body surface area
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) Estimate Using TRV/VTIRVOT: Explanation and Clinical Context Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is a critical parameter in assessing pulmonary hypertension. The TRV/VTIRVOT method provides a non-invasive echocardiographic estimate of PVR, based on the relationship between the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) and the right ventricular outflow tract time-velocity integral
Right ventricle (Size) Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: ASE, EACVI, ESC, CSE (2010) Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the ASE and EACVI (2015) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism ESC, ERS (2019) Right ventricle (Area, Volume) Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification
REVEAL 2.0 Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The REVEAL 2.0 Risk Score (Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-term PAH Disease Management 2.0) is a validated and widely used prognostic model developed to estimate 1-year mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It is based on the large U.S. REVEAL registry and integrates demographic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and hemody
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Right Atrial Pressure Estimation Using IVC Diameter and Collapse Estimating right atrial pressure is an essential part of echocardiographic assessment because it directly influences the calculation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure and provides insight into right sided cardiac filling. The widely adopted method is based on the diameter of the inferior vena cava and its collapsibility with inspiration. A small ven
Risky Mitral Valve (Echo-based risk stratification): Explanation and Clinical Context The Risky Mitral Valve concept uses echocardiographic assessment to identify mitral valve disease patients at high risk of complications during or after intervention. Key echocardiographic parameters include leaflet morphology (thickening, calcification, restricted motion), annular dilation, subvalvular apparatus abnormalities, mitr
Right Ventricular (RV) Involvement Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The RV Involvement Index is a composite echocardiographic score designed to quantify right ventricular dysfunction by integrating three key parameters: RV fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and the right ventricular myocardial performance index (RV MPI). This index provides a continuous measure of
STOP-AF Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The STOP-AF Risk Index is a proposed clinical risk stratification tool designed to estimate the likelihood of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients without prior AF, based on key clinical and echocardiographic parameters (such as age, prior atrial arrhythmia episodes, left atrial diameter, and presence of sleep apnea). The aim is to identify higher‐risk i
TAPSE/PASP Ratio: Explanation and Clinical Context The TAPSE/PASP ratio is a non-invasive echocardiographic index used to assess the coupling between right ventricular (RV) function and pulmonary arterial load. TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion) measures longitudinal RV systolic function, while PASP (Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure) reflects the afterload imposed on the RV. This ratio provides insi
: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLIDE score is an anatomy-based predictor to estimate procedural success following tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (T-TEER), including TriClip. It integrates five echocardiographic variables: septolateral coaptation gap (0–5 mm vs. ≥6 mm), TR jet location (anteroseptal/central vs. posteroseptal/anteroposterior/diffuse), TEE image quality (good vs. limited), chordal d
: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator classifies tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity according to the 5-grade scheme used in the TRILUMINATE program (trace/mild, moderate, severe, massive, torrential). It integrates quantitative echocardiographic parameters — vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA), regurgitant volume (RVol), and 3D vena contracta area (VCA) — using evidence-base
VEGF Activity Index (Echo-Based Vegetation Risk): Explanation and Clinical Context The VEGF Activity Index is a validated echocardiography-based tool to assess the risk associated with valvular vegetations in patients with infective endocarditis. It combines key echocardiographic parameters, including vegetation size, mobility, and number, to generate a numeric risk index predictive of embolic events and complication
Wilkins Score (Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty): Explanation and Clinical Context The Wilkins Score is an echocardiographic scoring system designed to assess the suitability of patients with mitral stenosis for percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV). It evaluates four parameters: leaflet mobility, leaflet thickening, leaflet calcification, and subvalvular thickening, each graded from 1 (mild/normal) to 4 (seve