1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
18F-FDG Metabolic Score for Infective Endocarditis (IE): Explanation and Clinical Context The 18F-FDG metabolic score is a semiquantitative PET/CT-based tool used to support the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, particularly in prosthetic or complex valve situations. The score combines valvular uptake intensity, perivalvular uptake, prosthetic valve presence, and timing after surgery to estimate the probability of
30‑Day Readmission Risk Score after TAVR: Explanation and Clinical Context The 30‑Day Readmission Risk Score after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a validated tool designed to estimate the probability of an unplanned all‑cause hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. The original score was derived from data of over 10 000 patients in the STS/ACC TVT Registry (2015‑2017) and externally valida
A2C (Apical 2 Chamber) A2C (Apical 2 Chamber) A2C : Apical 2 chamber, LA : Left atrium, LV : Left ventricle, MV : Mitral valve. A2C (Zoomed Left Ventricle) A2C : Apical 2 chamber, LV : Left ventricle.
A3C (Apical 3 Chamber) A3C / APLAX (Apical 3 Chamber, Apical Long Axis) A3C : Apical 3 chamber, Ao : Aorta, AV : Aortic valve, LA : Left atrium, LV : Left ventricle, LVOT : Left ventricular outflow tract, MV : Mitral valve. A3C (Zoomed Left Ventricle) A3C : Apical 3 chamber, LV : Left ventricle.
A4C (Apical 4 Chamber) A4C (Apical 4 Chamber) A4C : Apical 4 chamber, IAS : Interatrial septum, IVS : Interventricular septum, LA : Left atrium, LV : Left ventricle, MV : Mitral valve, RA : Right atrium, RV : Right ventricle, TV : Tricuspid valve. A4C (Posterior Angulation) A4C : Apical 4 chamber, CS : Coronary sinus, LA : Left atrium, LV : Left ventricle, RA : Right atrium, RV : Right ventricle. A4C (Zoomed Left Ven
A5C (Apical 5 Chamber) A5C (Apical 5 Chamber) A5C : Apical 5 chamber, Ao : Aorta, IVS : Interventricular septum, LA : Left atrium, LV : Left ventricle, LVOT : Left ventricular outflow tract, RV : Right ventricle. A5C (Focus on RVOT) A5C : Apical 5 chamber, PA : Pulmonary artery, PV : Pulmonic valve, RVOT : Right ventricular outflow tract.
AEPEI Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The AEPEI Score is a clinical tool designed to assess the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. It incorporates three key variables: age, prosthetic valve type, and the presence of extra-cardiac events. A higher score indicates an increased risk of mortality and complications, aiding clinicians in making informed decisions regarding pati
Ambler Score: Explanation and Clinical Context Ambler Score is a validated risk prediction model for estimating 30-day mortality after cardiac surgery, including CABG, valve procedures, and combined operations. It uses multiple preoperative patient characteristics, cardiac function parameters, and operation-related factors to calculate a probability of death using logistic regression. This tool allows clinicians to i
Aortic Valve Area by Continuity Equation: Explanation and Clinical Context Aortic valve area is a fundamental parameter used to assess the severity of aortic stenosis. The continuity equation is the most widely endorsed method for calculating aortic valve area because it is grounded in the principle of conservation of mass. According to this principle, flow in the left ventricular outflow tract must equal flow across
Surgery Type -- Select -- CABG or Single Valve Other (e.g., double/triple valve, aortic, combined) Aortic Valve Disease (stenosis/regurgitation) -- Select -- No Yes BMI (kg/m2) Age (years) Bleeding Risk after Cardiac Surgery (Papworth BRiSc): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements the Papworth Bleeding Risk Score (BRiSc), a preoperative stratification tool developed to identify cardiac surgery pa
Cardio-Obstetric Mortality Risk (CO-RISK) Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The CO-RISK model, derived from the CARPREG II score, assesses the risk of primary cardiac events in pregnant women with heart disease. This model assigns points based on the presence of specific cardiac risk factors, including prior cardiac events, NYHA functional class, mechanical valve, left ventricular dysfunction, high-risk valve d
CARPREG II Score (2018 Updated Version): Explanation and Clinical Context The CARPREG II risk score is an evidence-based tool to estimate the risk of maternal cardiac complications during pregnancy for women with structural heart disease. It uses clinical variables including prior cardiac events or arrhythmia, baseline NYHA class > II or cyanosis, mechanical heart valve, reduced systemic ventricular function (EF <40%
: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool provides a simplified risk estimate for a composite adverse outcome (including mortality, major complications such as moderate‑severe paravalvular leak, pacemaker implantation, or valve thrombosis) at 1 year after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using either a self‑expandable device (e.g., CoreValve) or a balloon‑expandable device (e.g., Sapien). The model in
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CT-Based Annulus Sizing Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The CT-Based Annulus Sizing Index is a quantitative parameter used to assess the relationship between the native aortic annulus size (derived from CT imaging) and the selected transcatheter heart valve (THV) size. It provides an objective measure of oversizing or undersizing during pre-procedural transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) planning. Th
DeFeo Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DeFeo Score is a validated tool to predict the surgical indication in patients with mitral valve disease. It incorporates functional, structural, and hemodynamic parameters: NYHA functional class, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Each parameter is assigned points based on t
ENDOVAL Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ENDOVAL score is a prognostic tool developed to assess in-hospital mortality risk in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (LSIE) undergoing valve surgery. It incorporates various clinical and microbiological factors to stratify patients into different risk categories, aiding clinicians in decision-making processes regarding surgical interventions.
Fontan Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Fontan Risk Score is a clinical tool developed to predict early mortality risk for patients undergoing the Fontan procedure, both pre- and post-operatively. It incorporates key variables such as age at Fontan, preoperative oxygen saturation, ventricular dysfunction, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and history of arrhythmia. Each risk factor is assigned a w
Frailty–AVR Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Frailty–AVR Score is a clinical tool developed to assess frailty in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR), including transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). It incorporates factors such as age, serum albumin levels, body mass index (BMI), functional status (measured by the Katz Activities of Daily Living scale), and mobility (assessed via th
: explanation and clinical context This prototype score combines genetic test results (presence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in well-established aortic disease genes) with clinical risk features (family history, connective tissue disorder, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, smoking, age, and sex) to produce a single numeric value that stratifies risk into Low, Moderate, High, and Very high categories. G
ICE-PCS 6-Month Mortality Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The ICE-PCS 6-Month Mortality Risk Model is a validated tool developed to predict the 6-month mortality risk in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). It incorporates clinical variables such as age, dialysis status, presence of prosthetic or nosocomial IE, left-sided valve vegetation, severe heart failure, stroke, paravalvular complications, a
InsCor Model (Brazilian Cardiac Surgery Score): Explanation and Clinical Context The InsCor model is a validated scoring system developed in Brazil to estimate in-hospital mortality risk for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It considers simple preoperative variables such as age >70 years, female gender, preoperative renal failure, and type of surgery (CABG, valve, or combined CABG + valve). Each variable is assig
Logistic EuroSCORE: Explanation and Clinical Context Logistic EuroSCORE is a validated risk prediction model for estimating perioperative mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, including CABG, valve surgery, and aortic procedures. It uses multiple preoperative patient factors, cardiac function parameters, and operation-related variables in a logistic regression model to calculate a precise probability of m
M-Boston Score (Mitral Arcade Surgical Outcome): Explanation and Clinical Context This scoring model is designed to predict surgical outcomes in patients with mitral arcade anomaly undergoing mitral valve surgery. It incorporates preoperative and intraoperative variables such as leaflet involvement, annular dimension, chordal extension, and ventricular function. A higher score indicates a (worse/better) surgical outc
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MIDA Mortality Risk (Degenerative MR Surgery): Explanation and Clinical Context The MIDA Mortality Risk Score is a validated prognostic model derived from the Multicenter International Database on Mitral Valve Regurgitation (MIDA) registry. It uses seven clinical and echocardiographic parameters — age, symptoms, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left atr
MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index quantifies the procedural success and functional benefit after percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. It combines the reduction in mitral regurgitation (MR) severity and the expected improvement in left ventricular function, expressed as an integrated numeric score. A higher index reflects both ef
Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score (MCRRS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score (MCRRS) is a validated point-based tool designed to predict short-term and mid-term mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) using MitraClip. It incorporates clinical, echocardiographic, and comorbidity factors including age, NYHA class IV, left ventricular ejecti
NOVA Score (Nosocomial vs Community IE): Explanation and Clinical Context The NOVA score is a validated tool designed to differentiate nosocomial infective endocarditis (IE) from community-acquired IE in hospitalized patients. It incorporates four clinical parameters: neutrophil count, organ failure, prosthetic valve presence, and acquisition setting (nosocomial vs community). Each parameter contributes to a total sc
OBSERVANT Score (TAVI): Explanation and Clinical Context The OBSERVANT Score is a validated tool developed to estimate 30-day mortality risk for patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). It utilizes simple clinical variables available at hospital admission, including glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), critical preoperative state, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV, pulmonar
OBSERVANT Score (TAVI): Explanation and Clinical Context The OBSERVANT Score is a validated tool developed to estimate 30-day mortality risk for patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). It utilizes simple clinical variables available at hospital admission, including glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), critical preoperative state, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV, pulmonar
Pacemaker Requirement Index after TAVR: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability of requiring a permanent pacemaker (PPM) within about 60 days after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). Key independent predictors include pre-existing right bundle branch block (RBBB), a larger pre-procedural aortic valve area (AVA), and a higher ratio of post- to pre-procedural AVA, reflecti
Mitral stenosis *Specific findings Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
Aortic Stenosis Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the EACVI and the ASE (2017)
Pulmonary Stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
Tricuspid Stenosis *Specific findings Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice (2009)
Paravalvular Leak (PVL) Severity Score: Rationale, Calculations, and Clinical Use This tool consolidates validated catheter-based hemodynamic indices to grade PVL severity immediately after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The core metric is the Aortic Regurgitation Index (ARI), defined as ((DBP − LVEDP) / SBP) × 100. Lower values imply greater diastolic run-off into the LV and more severe PVL. In the s
PARTNER Risk Model (TAVR substudies): Explanation and Clinical Context The PARTNER Risk Model is a validated tool to estimate 30-day mortality risk after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in high-risk or inoperable patients. It uses clinical variables available pre-procedure, including age, serum creatinine, NYHA functional class III/IV, body mass index (BMI), and serum albumin. The model calculates the p
PLAX (Parasternal Long Axis) PLAX (Parasternal Long Axis) LV : Left ventricle, RV : Right ventricle, AV : Aortic valve, LA : Left atrium, LVOT : Left ventricular outflow tract, IVS : Interventricular septum, MV : Mitral valve. PLAX (Zoomed MV) LA : Left atrium, MV : Mitral valve, PLAX : Parasternal long axis. PLAX (Increased Depth) LV : Left ventricle, RV : Right ventricle, Ao : Aorta, LA : Left atrium, PLAX : Parast
Postoperative AKI after Cardiac Surgery (AKICS): Explanation and Clinical Context The AKICS score is a bedside tool derived and prospectively validated to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) after elective cardiac surgery. It integrates preoperative, intraoperative, and early postoperative information available at ICU admission: combined surgery (e.g., CABG plus valve), NYHA class ≥ 2, pre-operative serum creatinine >
PSAX (Parasternal Short Axis) PSAX (Level Great Vessels � Focus on PV) RVOT : Right ventricular outflow tract, PV : Pulmonic valve, RA : Right atrium, Ao : Aorta, PA : Pulmonary artery, RPA : Right pulmonary artery, LPA : Left pulmonary artery, PSAX : Parasternal short axis. PSAX (Focus on PV and PA) Ao : Aorta, PA : Pulmonary artery, PSAX : Parasternal short axis, PV : Pulmonic valve, RVOT : Right ventricular outflo
Pulmonary Valve Annulus (PVA) Z-score — explanation and clinical context This calculator implements the regression equations published by Pettersen et al. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008) to compute a z-score for the pulmonary valve annulus relative to body size. Pettersen and colleagues derived nonlinear polynomial regression models on the natural-log transformed echocardiographic measurements against body surface area
RISK-E (Endocarditis Surgery Mortality) Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The RISK-E score is a validated risk prediction tool for estimating operative mortality in patients undergoing surgery for infective endocarditis. It uses preoperative clinical variables, including age, renal failure, NYHA class III-IV heart failure, diabetes mellitus, critical preoperative state, prosthetic valve involvement, emergency s
Risky Mitral Valve (Echo-based risk stratification): Explanation and Clinical Context The Risky Mitral Valve concept uses echocardiographic assessment to identify mitral valve disease patients at high risk of complications during or after intervention. Key echocardiographic parameters include leaflet morphology (thickening, calcification, restricted motion), annular dilation, subvalvular apparatus abnormalities, mitr
RV 2C (Right Ventricular Two-Chamber) RV 2C (Right Ventricular Two-Chamber) RA : Right atrium, RV : Right ventricle, SVC : Superior vena cava, TV : Tricuspid valve.
SAFE-TAVR Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The SAFE-TAVR Score is a clinical tool designed to assess the risk of pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). It incorporates patient-specific factors such as age, sex, presence of chronic kidney disease, hypertension, ventricular function, and access site to stratify risk. This score aids clinicians in identi
SC (Subcostal View) SC 4C (Subcostal 4 Chamber) 4C : 4 chamber, IAS : Interatrial septum, IVS : Interventricular septum, LA : Left atrium, LV : Left ventricle, MV : Mitral valve, RA : Right atrium, RV : Right ventricle, SC : Subcostal, TV : Tricuspid valve. SC (Superior Vena Cava) IVC : Inferior vena cava, RA : Right atrium, SC : Subcostal, SVC : Superior vena cava. SC (Long Axis IVC) IVC : Inferior vena cava, RA : R
STS Primary Mitral Valve Repair/Replacement Risk Calculator: Explanation and Clinical Context The STS Primary Mitral Valve Repair/Replacement Risk Calculator is a tool developed by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons to estimate the short-term (operative/30-day) risk associated with mitral valve repair or replacement surgeries for patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) and degenerative mitral etiology. This cal
STS Risk Score (SAVR): Explanation and Clinical Context The STS Risk Score is a validated tool developed by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons to estimate the risk of operative mortality and major morbidity for patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). It incorporates patient demographics, comorbidities, laboratory values, and procedural factors to produce a probability of 30-day or in-hospital mort
STS Score (Aortic/Mitral/Combined): Explanation and Clinical Context The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score is a validated tool to predict operative mortality and morbidity for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, including aortic valve replacement, mitral valve surgery, or combined procedures. The score incorporates multiple patient-specific variables such as age, sex, NYHA class, left ventricular ejectio
STS-IE Surgical Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The STS-IE (Society of Thoracic Surgeons – Isolated Valve Surgery) Risk Model is a validated tool to predict postoperative mortality and major morbidity for patients undergoing isolated valve surgery. It uses patient-specific clinical variables including age, sex, previous cardiac surgery, NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetes,
FRANCE-2 TAVI Risk Score (Precise Logistic Model): Explanation and Clinical Context The FRANCE-2 TAVI Risk Score uses a logistic regression model to predict 30-day mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Predictors include age, NYHA class IV, peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation, serum creatinine, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and
TAVR Mortality Score (TVT Registry): Explanation and Clinical Context The TAVR Mortality Score developed by the TVT Registry is a validated predictive tool for estimating 30-day mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). It uses key clinical variables available prior to the procedure, including age, sex, NYHA class IV, serum creatinine, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), history of prior C
TAVR Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-3) Classification: Explanation and Clinical Context VARC-3 provides a standardized framework to assess patient risk, procedural outcomes, and complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). This classification incorporates clinical, anatomical, and procedural variables, such as age, surgical risk scores (e.g., STS-PROM), functional status (NYHA class),
TVT Registry Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The TVT Registry Mortality Score is a validated tool developed by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the American College of Cardiology to estimate in-hospital mortality risk for patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). It incorporates patient demographics, comorbidities, heart failure severity, renal function, procedural acces
Aorta View High Right Parasternal View of the Aorta Asc Ao : Ascending aorta, AV : Aortic valve.
Vinchur Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Vinchur Score is a hypothetical scoring system developed to assess the surgical complexity and risk stratification in patients undergoing mitral valve repair. This score incorporates various clinical parameters, including age, NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrial diameter (LAD), and the presence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
ZAHARA II Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The ZAHARA II Risk Score is a validated tool to estimate maternal cardiac risk during pregnancy for women with known heart disease. It incorporates key clinical variables including maternal age, prior cardiac events, NYHA functional class, presence of left heart obstruction, left ventricular dysfunction, and mechanical heart valve. The score produces an individua