1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
ADHERE Classification and Regression Tree (CART) — explanation and clinical context The ADHERE CART is a simple bedside decision tree developed from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry to estimate the risk of in-hospital mortality for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure. The CART analysis identified three sequential admission variables that provided the best discrimination
AFIRE Study Algorithm — Practical explanation and context This calculator applies the core enrollment and outcome insights from the AFIRE randomized trial (Atrial Fibrillation and Ischemic Events with Rivaroxaban in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease) to provide a pragmatic recommendation: patients with atrial fibrillation and stable CAD who are at least 1 year past revascularization (or have angiographical
AHEAD score - Explanation and clinical context The AHEAD score is a simple bedside risk classification tool developed to estimate short- and long-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure. It includes five binary items (each scores 1 point): Atrial fibrillation (present on admission or known AF), Haemoglobin below sex-specific thresholds (<130 g/L in men; <120 g/L in women), Elderly age (age > 7
ARISTOTLE HF Subgroup Outcome Index: Rationale and clinical context The original ARISTOTLE trial (apixaban vs warfarin) and its biomarker substudies showed that age, a clinical history of heart failure, and circulating biomarkers — notably NT-proBNP, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) — were among the strongest predictors of death and heart-failure related events in patie
AUGUSTUS Antithrombotic Strategy – Explanation and Clinical Context The AUGUSTUS randomized trial (2×2 factorial) compared apixaban versus a vitamin K antagonist and aspirin versus placebo in patients with atrial fibrillation and recent acute coronary syndrome and/or percutaneous coronary intervention who were taking a P2Y12 inhibitor. The principal findings were that apixaban (vs VKA) reduced clinically relevant ble
BCN Bio-HF (approximate implementation): Explanation and context The BCN Bio-Heart Failure (BCN Bio-HF) risk calculator is a multimarker prognostic tool developed from a contemporary outpatient heart-failure cohort. It combines routine clinical variables (age, NYHA class, LVEF, sodium, eGFR, hemoglobin, loop diuretic dose, and evidence-based treatments such as beta-blocker/ACEI/ARB/statin) with up to three serum biom
BIOSTAT-CHF Mortality Risk: Explanation and Clinical Context The BIOSTAT-CHF (A systems BIOlogy Study to Tailored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure) program developed and validated multivariable risk models for outcomes in heart failure using a large European cohort (index n≈2,516; validation n≈1,738). The five strongest independent predictors of all-cause mortality were: older age, higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN),
BNP/NT-proBNP Ratio Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The BNP/NT-proBNP Ratio Index provides additional insight into the biochemical phenotype of heart failure and helps to differentiate between acute and chronic heart failure presentations. Both BNP and NT-proBNP are derived from proBNP, but they differ in clearance mechanisms and biological half-life. BNP is biologically active and cleared mainly by natriuret
— Explanation and Clinical Context The CANVAS Program (integrated CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials) randomized patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk to canagliflozin versus placebo on top of standard of care. In the integrated analysis the annualized rate of the primary composite (major adverse cardiovascular events — CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) was approximately 31.5 p
— Explanation and Clinical Context This algorithm implements a pragmatic, clinic-level approach to interpreting daily pulmonary artery diastolic (PAD) and (optionally) mean pulmonary artery (PAM) pressure readings obtained from an implanted CardioMEMS™ sensor. The logic uses Merlin.net/Abbott default thresholds when available: a narrow "maintenance" band (PAD ±2 mmHg) where no immediate hemodynamic change is usually
: Explanation and Clinical Context This page implements a configurable logistic risk model intended to predict the probability of heart failure (HF) hospitalization using readily available clinical variables (age, NYHA class, prior HF admission, NT-proBNP, eGFR, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin). The calculator itself does not assume or embed any particular published coefficients; instead it accepts a
— explanation and clinical context This page provides a prototype, point-based risk stratification tool informed by variables central to pulmonary artery pressure-guided heart failure management (age, NYHA class, prior HF hospitalization, mean pulmonary artery pressure, LVEF, renal function, and NT-proBNP). The CHAMPION randomized trial evaluated the CardioMEMS pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system and demonstr
CHARM prognostic model (primary endpoint: cardiovascular death or heart-failure hospitalization — 2-year risk) The CHARM prognostic models were developed using 7,599 patients enrolled in the CHARM programme and identify 21 independent predictors of outcome across the spectrum of left ventricular systolic function. The model forms a linear risk score by summing each predictor multiplied by its coefficient (log hazard)
COMPASS Trial Polyvascular Risk Score — Explanation and clinical context This tool implements the COMPASS trial subgroup framework by counting four high-risk features associated with greater absolute benefit from combined rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus aspirin versus aspirin alone: polyvascular disease (≥2 vascular beds affected), renal dysfunction (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m²), a history of heart failure, and diabe
: Explanation, Rationale and Clinical Context This calculator provides a transparent composite index that combines electrical dyssynchrony (QRS duration on surface ECG) and a user-supplied mechanical dyssynchrony measure (for example: septal-to-lateral delay by tissue Doppler, interventricular mechanical delay, or an equivalent echo/TDI-derived delay in milliseconds). The index is not a replacement for guideline-base
DANISH Trial — ICD Subgroup Mortality Index: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool is an educational, exploratory calculator that maps an individual patient’s profile onto the principal subgroup findings from the DANISH randomized trial (Køber et al., NEJM 2016) and subsequent subgroup/extended analyses. The DANISH trial randomized 1,116 patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure to receive an ICD or usua
DAPA-HF Response Predictor: Explanation and Clinical Context The DAPA‑HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) trial demonstrated that dapagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In subsequent analyses, investigators explored baseline variables to identify which patie
DAPT-CHF Subgroup Analysis Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The DAPT-CHF Subgroup Analysis Index estimates the net clinical benefit of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with coronary stents who have coexisting chronic heart failure (CHF). The original DAPT Study demonstrated that extended DAPT beyond 12 months reduced stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction but increased moderate or sev
DECLARE–TIMI 58 HF Risk Reduction Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DECLARE–TIMI 58 trial evaluated over 17,000 patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, assessing dapagliflozin versus placebo for major adverse cardiovascular and heart failure outcomes. The study demonstrated a significant reduction in hospitalization for heart failure, irrespective o
: Explanation and Clinical Context The calculator estimates the 2-year absolute benefit of adding dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily in patients with symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 40% (mildly reduced or preserved). The estimate uses a simplified model based on the primary endpoint of the DELIVER trial (composite of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure) in which dapa
DETECT ICD algorithm — explanation and clinical context The DETECT ICD tool is a pragmatic, rule-based decision support algorithm to help clinicians triage patients with syncope who may require consideration of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy or expedited electrophysiology evaluation. It prioritizes: (1) clear secondary-prevention indications such as documented sustained ventricular tachycardia (
DETERMINE-AHF Composite Outcome Algorithm — Explanation and Clinical Context This page implements a prototype calculator designed to estimate the probability of a pre-specified composite adverse outcome in acute heart failure (AHF) using a logistic regression style formula. The prototype accepts common, admission-time clinical variables (age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, creatinine, BUN, NT-proBNP, LVEF, and
EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score was developed from the EchoCRT trial population to predict the likelihood of non-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The model integrates clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters to stratify patients based on the probability of failing to show symptomatic or reverse remodeling
EFFECT Heart Failure Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EFFECT Heart Failure Mortality Score (Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment) is a validated risk stratification tool developed from a large Canadian cohort to estimate 30-day mortality among patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. The model incorporates clinical and laboratory variables easily obtained at admis
EJECTION-HF — LVEF Recovery Index (Prototype): explanation and context Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) recovery after an episode of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is an important clinical outcome with implications for prognosis and management. Multiple observational studies and systematic reviews show that several features are repeatedly associated with a greater probability of LVEF im
Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade (EHMRG): explanation and clinical context The EHMRG is a point-based prognostic model designed to estimate short-term (7-day, and extended 30-day) mortality for patients who present to the emergency department with acute heart failure. It uses data available at ED presentation (age; mode of arrival by EMS; systolic blood pressure; heart rate; peripheral oxygen saturation;
EMPA-REG HF Event Reduction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, randomized to Empagliflozin or placebo, and demonstrated a 35 % relative risk reduction in hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) with empagliflozin. This calculator uses a user-entered estimate of baseline annual risk o
— Explanation and Clinical Context This tool is an approximate, transparent calculator that estimates the expected absolute benefit (absolute risk reduction and number-needed-to-treat) from empagliflozin for the EMPEROR-Preserved primary composite outcome (cardiovascular death or first hospitalization for heart failure) over a follow-up period consistent with the trial (median 26.2 months). The EMPEROR-Preserved rand
: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPHASIS-HF Mortality Reduction Index is designed to estimate the potential benefit of eplerenone in reducing all-cause mortality among patients with mild to moderate symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), as studied in the EMPHASIS-HF trial. The EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And Survival Study in Heart Failure) trial demonst
: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPULSE Response Predictor estimates the likelihood of a favorable clinical outcome with empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure, based on findings from the EMPULSE trial. The trial demonstrated that empagliflozin, initiated in-hospital (median 3 days post-admission), led to significantly higher rates of clinical benefit at 90 days compared to placebo, acr
ENGAGE AF–TIMI 48 HF Subscore: Background, meaning and references The ENGAGE AF–TIMI 48 randomized trial (edoxaban vs warfarin) enrolled over 21,000 patients with atrial fibrillation. A prespecified analysis examined clinical predictors of a composite endpoint of heart-failure hospitalization, death due to heart failure, or sudden cardiac death among patients without a prior history of heart failure. Multivariable Co
References and context The ENTRUST-AF PCI randomized trial and its prespecified analyses inform antithrombotic choices for AF patients undergoing PCI. Key publications: Vranckx P, et al. ENTRUST-AF PCI (Lancet 2019) — trial report; prespecified analyses and subgroup reports are available in subsequent journal publications. Clinicians should combine the trial evidence with individual CHA₂DS₂-VASc and HAS-BLED assessme
: explanation and clinical context This tool implements two things: (1) an objective eligibility check based on the original EPHESUS trial inclusion criteria — specifically enrollment 3–14 days after acute myocardial infarction (MI) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and either signs/symptoms of heart failure or diabetes — and (2) an exploratory, unvalidated response index that weights several clinic
ESC ICD Primary Prevention Criteria: Explanation and Clinical Context The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2022 guidance on ventricular arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death supports the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for primary prevention in patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when the patient remains at persistently r
MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group In Chronic Heart Failure) — explanation and clinical context The MAGGIC prognostic model (Pocock et al., Eur Heart J 2013) was developed from individual-patient data pooled from 39,372 patients across 30 cohorts to predict mortality in chronic heart failure. It uses 13 routinely available clinical variables (age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LVEF, serum creatinine,
This integration tool translates the 2023 focused update of the ESC heart failure guidance into a pragmatic bedside checklist and decision aid. It helps clinicians classify phenotype (HFrEF, HFmrEF, HFpEF), check haemodynamic and renal constraints, and assemble the core therapeutic package: ARNI/ACEi/ARB, beta-blocker, MRA, and SGLT2 inhibitors where indicated; use diuretics for congestion; consider specialist referr
ESCAPE Trial Hemodynamic Congestion Index: Rationale, clinical meaning, and evidence The Hemodynamic Congestion Index (HCI) implemented here is the simple sum of right atrial pressure (RAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP): HCI = RAP (mmHg) + PCWP (mmHg). This index was derived from analyses of the ESCAPE trial dataset and related secondary analyses that examined whether a single composite invasive press
EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EUROMACS-RHF score is a validated preoperative model derived from the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) to predict early (≤30 days) severe right heart failure after continuous-flow LVAD implantation. It uses five key preoperative variables: RAP/PCWP ratio > 0.54, hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL, ≥
EVEREST HF Prognostic Algorithm — explanation and context The EVEREST score is a 0–18 clinician-rated composite of six symptoms/signs of congestion: dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, jugular venous distension (JVD), rales, and pedal edema. Each item is graded 0–3 using the standardized EVEREST grading scale (0 = none; 1 = seldom or mild; 2 = moderate/frequent; 3 = continuous/marked or the numeric JVD/rales/edema threshold
: Explanation and Clinical Context The FINGER-HF Prognostic Tool is designed to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes (such as mortality or heart-failure hospitalization) in patients with chronic heart failure by integrating demographic, haemodynamic, renal, biomarker and ventricular function parameters. It uses commonly available clinical variables — for example age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, NT-proBNP, s
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Mortality Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Risk Score is a validated tool developed from the American Heart Association's national registry to predict in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It incorporates seven readily available clinical variables at the time of hospital admission: age, systolic
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Rehospitalization Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Rehospitalization Risk Score was developed from a large national registry to estimate the likelihood of 30-day readmission after discharge for patients hospitalized with heart failure. It integrates key clinical parameters available at admission and discharge, including age, blood pressure, heart
GLOBAL LEADERS HF Subscore: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLOBAL LEADERS HF Subscore is intended as a prognostic tool to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes (such as mortality or heart-failure hospitalisation) in patients with chronic heart failure. It incorporates key clinical and biomarker variables (such as age, left-ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP level, presence of chronic kidney disease, and r
: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLOBAL-LEADERS trial was an open‐label, all‐comers randomized study of 1 month of aspirin + ticagrelor followed by 23 months of ticagrelor monotherapy vs 12 months of DAPT followed by 12 months of aspirin in patients undergoing PCI with a biolimus‐eluting stent. The primary outcome (all-cause mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction) did not reach statistical superiority. Se
: Practical explanation and clinical context The GUIDE-IT (Guiding Evidence Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment in Heart Failure) strategy used serial NT-proBNP measurements to target a predefined goal (NT-proBNP < 1,000 pg/mL) and prompted more aggressive titration of guideline-directed medical therapy when values exceeded that threshold. The practical intention is to use NT-proBNP as an objective bi
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Length of Stay Prediction: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Length of Stay (LOS) model was developed from a cohort of over 100,000 hospitalizations in the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure registry. It provides an evidence-based estimate of the expected hospital length of stay for patients admitted with acute decompensated he
H2FPEF Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The H2FPEF Score is a validated diagnostic scoring system designed to estimate the likelihood of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in patients presenting with unexplained dyspnea. It integrates six easily measurable clinical and echocardiographic variables: Heavy (BMI ≥30 kg/m²), Hypertensive (≥2 antihypertensive medications), Atrial fibrillation, Pu
HeartLogic Multisensor Algorithm — Explanation, clinical context and references The HeartLogic algorithm is a proprietary, multisensor device diagnostic implemented in certain Boston Scientific implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices. It combines trends from multiple sensors — notably accelerometer-derived first and third heart sounds (S1, S3), intrathoracic (thora
HF-CARB (Chronic Ambulatory Heart Failure Risk Model) — explanation and clinical context This 5-item clinical model (derived from IC-BERG recommendations) evaluates ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure at the clinic by checking five simple features: NYHA class III–IV, clinical signs of congestion, a hospitalization or emergency visit for HF in the previous 12 months, a daily loop diuretic dose ≥40 mg furose
HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index is a composite echocardiographic measure designed to quantify the mechanical dyssynchrony and remodeling response in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It integrates key mechanical and electrical parameters that have been shown to predict CRT benefit, including septal-to-lateral dela
HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The HF-CRT Echo Resynchronization Index is a composite echocardiographic measure designed to quantify the mechanical dyssynchrony and remodeling response in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It integrates key mechanical and electrical parameters that have been shown to predict CRT benefit, including septal-to-lateral dela
HFA-PEFF Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The HFA-PEFF algorithm is a stepwise diagnostic approach for suspected heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that uses three domains — functional (diastolic function / filling pressure and longitudinal strain), morphological (left atrial enlargement, left ventricular hypertrophy/geometry), and biomarkers (natriuretic peptides). Each domain contributes
How this tool works — clinical & methodological notes This page computes the DAPT score exactly as published by Yeh et al. (points assigned per original paper) to estimate ischemic vs bleeding trade-offs for continuing dual antiplatelet therapy after 12 months. The DAPT score ranges roughly from −2 to +10; a score ≥2 suggests potential ischemic benefit from prolonged DAPT (but this must be balanced with bleeding risk
: clinical context and explanation The ISAR-TRIPLE randomized trial compared two durations of triple therapy (aspirin + clopidogrel + oral anticoagulant) in patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation who required chronic oral anticoagulation. At 9 months the composite primary endpoint (death, myocardial infarction, definite stent thrombosis, stroke, or TIMI major bleeding) did not differ significantly betwee
MADIT-CRT Responder Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-CRT Responder Score was developed from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) to identify heart failure patients most likely to experience reverse left ventricular remodeling and clinical benefit from CRT. This score integrates key predictors including female sex, non-ischemic e
MADIT-ICD Benefit Score — Explanation and clinical context The MADIT-ICD Benefit Score (Younis et al., 2021) integrates two competing risk scores to predict the likelihood that a patient with low LVEF will derive survival benefit from a prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The first component estimates the risk of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT/VF) using eight clinical predicto
— Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-RIT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial–Reduce Inappropriate Therapy) randomized trial compared three ICD programming strategies designed to minimize unnecessary device therapy: conventional programming (treating tachyarrhythmias starting at ~170 bpm with short detection), high-rate programming (treat only arrhythmias ≥200 bpm), and delayed/duration pro
MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure) score: explanation and clinical context The MAGGIC score is an integer-based risk score derived from an individual patient data meta-analysis of >39,000 heart-failure patients and uses 13 routinely available clinical variables to estimate medium-term mortality. The model assigns integer points to age (with points varying by EF band), LVEF categories, systol
MAGGIC Mortality Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure) Risk Score is a validated prognostic model that estimates all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure, developed from data pooled from over 39,000 patients across 30 studies. It incorporates simple, readily available clinical variables such as age, sex, NYHA class, LVEF, systolic blood
MECKI Score (Metabolic Exercise test data combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes): Explanation and clinical context The MECKI score is a prognostic model developed in a large multicenter registry of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. It integrates two cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables—percent predicted peak oxygen uptake (%predicted peak VO2) and VE/VCO2 slope—with routine clini