1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
30‑Day Readmission Risk Score after TAVR: Explanation and Clinical Context The 30‑Day Readmission Risk Score after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a validated tool designed to estimate the probability of an unplanned all‑cause hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. The original score was derived from data of over 10 000 patients in the STS/ACC TVT Registry (2015‑2017) and externally valida
ASD Closure Complication Risk (TEE-based Model): Explanation and Clinical Context This tool integrates TEE-derived anatomical predictors associated with adverse outcomes during transcatheter secundum ASD closure, translating them into a structured heuristic for clinical use. The strongest predictor for erosion is the coexistence of aortic rim deficiency and device oversizing > 5 mm. Additional features—multiple rim d
CAAP-AF and CABANA: Explanation and Clinical Context The CAAP-AF score predicts rhythm success following atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation by incorporating six baseline parameters: coronary artery disease, left atrial (LA) diameter, age, AF type (persistent vs paroxysmal), number of antiarrhythmic drugs failed, and female sex. Each reflects underlying atrial disease and treatment refractoriness. Higher scores correla
Atrial Fibrillation Type -- choose -- Paroxysmal Persistent Long-standing persistent eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) Left Atrial Diameter (mm) Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (%) Number of Prior AF Ablations : Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator integrates two validated models—APPLE and SUCCESS—to predict the likelihood of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation. The APPLE score assigns one p
CL Score (CTO Lesion Complexity): Explanation and Clinical Context The CL Score (CTO Lesion Complexity Score) is an angiographic grading system used to predict the procedural success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions. It is derived from the validated J-CTO score, first introduced by Morino et al. in 2011, and evaluates five anatomical features that influence the
COAPT Score (MitraClip Responder Model): Explanation and Clinical Context The COAPT Score is a simple point-based model derived from the COAPT randomized trial to stratify the 2-year risk of all-cause death and/or heart failure hospitalization in patients with heart failure and significant secondary mitral regurgitation despite guideline-directed medical therapy. It assigns weighted points to clinical and echocardiog
: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool provides a simplified risk estimate for a composite adverse outcome (including mortality, major complications such as moderate‑severe paravalvular leak, pacemaker implantation, or valve thrombosis) at 1 year after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using either a self‑expandable device (e.g., CoreValve) or a balloon‑expandable device (e.g., Sapien). The model in
Cryo vs RF Efficacy Model: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability of remaining free from atrial tachyarrhythmia about 12 months after a single catheter ablation procedure and compares cryoballoon ablation (Cryo) with radiofrequency ablation (RF). It uses the validated APPLE score (Age > 65 years, persistent AF, eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, left atrial diameter ≥ 43 mm, and LVEF < 50%)
CT-Based Annulus Sizing Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The CT-Based Annulus Sizing Index is a quantitative parameter used to assess the relationship between the native aortic annulus size (derived from CT imaging) and the selected transcatheter heart valve (THV) size. It provides an objective measure of oversizing or undersizing during pre-procedural transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) planning. Th
Patient age (years) Atrial Septal Aneurysm (ASA) present? Septal hypermobility (phasic excursion, mm) High-risk threshold in DEFENSE-PFO: ≥10 mm. PFO separation/height (maximum septum primum–secundum separation, mm) High-risk threshold in DEFENSE-PFO: ≥2 mm. DEFENSE-PFO Model (Cryptogenic Stroke Benefit): Explanation and Clinical Context The DEFENSE-PFO trial evaluated patients with cryptogenic stroke and high-risk p
EuroSCORE II (Valvular Surgery Mortality): Explanation and Clinical Context EuroSCORE II is a widely validated risk model designed to estimate the probability of in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery, including valvular procedures. It incorporates patient-related factors (age, gender, renal function, extracardiac arteriopathy, mobility, previous cardiac surgery, chronic lung disease, active endocarditis, critic
EWOLUTION Risk Model (Watchman Outcomes): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements the risk stratification described from the EWOLUTION registry of patients undergoing percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) with the Watchman device. In a patient-level analysis of 1,020 all-comers, six baseline variables independently predicted all-cause mortality at two years: older age,
: Explanation and Clinical Context This predictive model estimates the risk of peri-procedural and short-term complications in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) via either cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation, based on demographic, anatomical and procedural variables. It aims to guide clinicians in pre-procedure risk stratification and informed consent discussions. Definition: A logistic regression
ICE Guidance Difficulty Index (ICE-DI): Explanation and Clinical Context The ICE Guidance Difficulty Index (ICE-DI) is a scoring system developed to estimate the procedural difficulty of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided interventions, particularly during catheter ablation or device implantation procedures. This index integrates several anatomic and clinical factors that can affect acoustic window quality an
LAA Thrombus Detection Index (TEE-based, CLOTS-AF): Explanation and Clinical Context The CLOTS-AF score estimates the probability of left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) before cardioversion or ablation in atrial fibrillation or flutter, integrating six routinely measured parameters: serum creatinine, LVEF, LAVI, TAPSE, prior ischemic stroke/TIA, and rhythm at imaging. This index was derived in patients undergoing T
Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion (LAAO) – CHA₂DS₂-VASc / HAS-BLED Hybrid Index Enter patient data. Use 1 = yes / 0 = no for binary fields. Age is in years; Sex is M or F. LAAO CHA₂DS₂-VASc / HAS-BLED Hybrid Index: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator combines stroke and bleeding risk scores to guide consideration of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO). Patients with high CHA₂DS₂-VASc (≥2 in men, ≥3 in w
MIDA Mortality Risk (Degenerative MR Surgery): Explanation and Clinical Context The MIDA Mortality Risk Score is a validated prognostic model derived from the Multicenter International Database on Mitral Valve Regurgitation (MIDA) registry. It uses seven clinical and echocardiographic parameters — age, symptoms, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left atr
MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index quantifies the procedural success and functional benefit after percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. It combines the reduction in mitral regurgitation (MR) severity and the expected improvement in left ventricular function, expressed as an integrated numeric score. A higher index reflects both ef
Age ≥ 75 years (Enter “1” if yes, “0” if no) Anemia (1 = yes, 0 = no) eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (1 = yes, 0 = no) Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) < 40 % (1 = yes, 0 = no) Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) (1 = yes, 0 = no) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (1 = yes, 0 = no) High‐dose diuretic therapy (1 = yes, 0 = no) No therapy with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (1 = yes, 0 = no) MitraS
NCDR-LAAO Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The National Cardiovascular Data Registry–Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion (NCDR-LAAO) Mortality Risk Model is a validated predictive tool designed to estimate the likelihood of in-hospital mortality following percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) procedures. Developed from the comprehensive NCDR LAAO Registry in the United States, which include
OBSERVANT Score (TAVI): Explanation and Clinical Context The OBSERVANT Score is a validated tool developed to estimate 30-day mortality risk for patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). It utilizes simple clinical variables available at hospital admission, including glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), critical preoperative state, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV, pulmonar
OPEN-CTO Mortality Model: Explanation and Clinical Context “OPEN-CTO” refers to the prospective multicenter Outcomes, Patient Health Status, and Efficiency in Chronic Total Occlusion (OPEN-CTO) registry, which has served as an external validation cohort for contemporary CTO PCI risk tools. The most widely cited periprocedural mortality model for CTO PCI derives from the PROGRESS-CTO registry and was externally valida
Pacemaker Requirement Index after TAVR: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability of requiring a permanent pacemaker (PPM) within about 60 days after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). Key independent predictors include pre-existing right bundle branch block (RBBB), a larger pre-procedural aortic valve area (AVA), and a higher ratio of post- to pre-procedural AVA, reflecti
Paravalvular Leak (PVL) Severity Score: Rationale, Calculations, and Clinical Use This tool consolidates validated catheter-based hemodynamic indices to grade PVL severity immediately after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The core metric is the Aortic Regurgitation Index (ARI), defined as ((DBP − LVEDP) / SBP) × 100. Lower values imply greater diastolic run-off into the LV and more severe PVL. In the s
PARTNER Risk Model (TAVR substudies): Explanation and Clinical Context The PARTNER Risk Model is a validated tool to estimate 30-day mortality risk after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in high-risk or inoperable patients. It uses clinical variables available pre-procedure, including age, serum creatinine, NYHA functional class III/IV, body mass index (BMI), and serum albumin. The model calculates the p
PFO Closure Risk (RoPE) Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The RoPE (Risk of Paradoxical Embolism) score is a validated 10-point tool designed for patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke in whom a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is detected. It estimates how likely the index stroke is causally related to the PFO (rather than incidental) and contextualizes the expected 2-year recurrence risk under medical management
PROGRESS-CTO Success Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The PROGRESS-CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) Success Index is a validated scoring system that predicts the likelihood of successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO). This score incorporates five angiographic variables that independently predict pro
RECHARGE Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The RECHARGE (Registry of CrossBoss and Hybrid Procedures) score is a modern angiographic scoring system developed to predict the risk of technical failure in complex percutaneous coronary interventions of chronic total occlusion (CTO-PCI) performed with hybrid techniques. It incorporates six angiographic lesion characteristics: blunt stump, severe calcification, tortu
REDUCE Trial PFO Selection Criteria Model — Explanation and Clinical Context This tool first reproduces the original REDUCE trial eligibility logic (age 18–59 years, cryptogenic non-lacunar ischemic stroke within ≤180 days, and patent foramen ovale with a right-to-left shunt) and screens out key exclusions (atrial fibrillation or another high-risk cardioembolic source, ≥50% relevant arterial stenosis/occlusion, hyper
STOP-AF Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The STOP-AF Risk Index is a proposed clinical risk stratification tool designed to estimate the likelihood of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients without prior AF, based on key clinical and echocardiographic parameters (such as age, prior atrial arrhythmia episodes, left atrial diameter, and presence of sleep apnea). The aim is to identify higher‐risk i
STS Score (Aortic/Mitral/Combined): Explanation and Clinical Context The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score is a validated tool to predict operative mortality and morbidity for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, including aortic valve replacement, mitral valve surgery, or combined procedures. The score incorporates multiple patient-specific variables such as age, sex, NYHA class, left ventricular ejectio
TAVR Mortality Score (TVT Registry): Explanation and Clinical Context The TAVR Mortality Score developed by the TVT Registry is a validated predictive tool for estimating 30-day mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). It uses key clinical variables available prior to the procedure, including age, sex, NYHA class IV, serum creatinine, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), history of prior C
TAVR Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-3) Classification: Explanation and Clinical Context VARC-3 provides a standardized framework to assess patient risk, procedural outcomes, and complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). This classification incorporates clinical, anatomical, and procedural variables, such as age, surgical risk scores (e.g., STS-PROM), functional status (NYHA class),
Transseptal Puncture Complexity Index (Experimental): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator proposes a pragmatic, literature-informed composite score to anticipate technical complexity of transseptal puncture (TSP) before left atrial procedures. Factors that repeatedly correlate with difficult access include prior TSP or septal instrumentation (e.g., occluder/patch), challenging thoracic or c
: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLIDE score is an anatomy-based predictor to estimate procedural success following tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (T-TEER), including TriClip. It integrates five echocardiographic variables: septolateral coaptation gap (0–5 mm vs. ≥6 mm), TR jet location (anteroseptal/central vs. posteroseptal/anteroposterior/diffuse), TEE image quality (good vs. limited), chordal d
: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator classifies tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity according to the 5-grade scheme used in the TRILUMINATE program (trace/mild, moderate, severe, massive, torrential). It integrates quantitative echocardiographic parameters — vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA), regurgitant volume (RVol), and 3D vena contracta area (VCA) — using evidence-base