1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
ESC–AI HF Readmission Prediction Tool: Explanation and clinical context This page implements a transparent prototype logistic model intended to estimate the probability of 30-day all-cause hospital readmission after an index heart failure admission, using routinely available discharge features (age, sex, prior admissions, length of stay, LVEF, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, BUN, sodium, and BNP when available).
ESC/ERS 2022 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Risk Table: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC/ERS 2022 Risk Table provides a multiparametric assessment model for estimating the 1-year mortality risk in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It integrates clinical, functional, biomarker, and hemodynamic data to categorize patients into Low (<5%), Intermediate (5–20%), or High (>20%) risk groups. Key
ESC-HF Renal Dysfunction Algorithm: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC-HF Renal Dysfunction Algorithm is designed to stratify the risk of renal impairment in patients with heart failure. It incorporates age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), NYHA functional class, and comorbidities including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Risk scoring helps clinicians identify patients at low, intermediate, or h
ESCAPE Trial Hemodynamic Congestion Index: Rationale, clinical meaning, and evidence The Hemodynamic Congestion Index (HCI) implemented here is the simple sum of right atrial pressure (RAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP): HCI = RAP (mmHg) + PCWP (mmHg). This index was derived from analyses of the ESCAPE trial dataset and related secondary analyses that examined whether a single composite invasive press
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ESCAPE Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context ESCAPE Risk Model (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) is a validated tool developed to predict short-term mortality in patients hospitalized with advanced acute decompensated heart failure. It incorporates clinical variables readily available at admission and early hospitalization, including age, systolic
ESH Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESH/ESC Cardiovascular Risk Stratification tool is designed to estimate the total cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients by integrating blood pressure grade, major risk factors (smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, age), subclinical organ damage, and established cardiovascular or renal disease. Patients are categorized into Low, Moderate,
ESMO Anthracycline Risk Category: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESMO Anthracycline Risk Category is a stratification tool developed to assess the risk of cardiovascular toxicity in patients undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy. This tool considers factors such as age, sex, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, and cumulative anthracycline dose to categorize patients into low, moderate, or high-risk group
Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS) is a validated clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of recurrent stroke and major vascular events in patients who have experienced an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Developed from the CAPRIE and Essen Stroke Studies, it uses easily obtainable clinical variables to predict long-term vascular
HbA1c percent Estimated Average Glucose eAG Explanation and Clinical Context Estimated Average Glucose represents a practical translation of HbA1c into a glucose value expressed in mg per dL which helps clinicians and patients understand long term glycemic exposure in a more intuitive format. The relationship between HbA1c and eAG was established through large population studies that correlated continuous glucose mon
: Clinical Explanation and Context The estimated maximum heart rate is calculated using one of the simplest and most widely recognized formulas in cardiovascular physiology, which is the subtraction of age from the number two hundred twenty. This estimation represents the highest heart rate an individual can theoretically achieve during peak physical exertion. Although it does not directly measure the true maximal he
EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EUROMACS-RHF score is a validated preoperative model derived from the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) to predict early (≤30 days) severe right heart failure after continuous-flow LVAD implantation. It uses five key preoperative variables: RAP/PCWP ratio > 0.54, hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL, ≥
EuroSCORE Calculator EuroSCORE: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation, or EuroSCORE, is a validated clinical tool designed to estimate operative mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It incorporates demographic factors, comorbidities, hemodynamic status, and specific cardiac or surgical risk features. The model was originally derived from
EuroSCORE II for Mortality and a Companion View for Morbidity EuroSCORE II is the contemporary, validated model for predicting in-hospital mortality after adult cardiac surgery. The logistic equation combines patient and operative variables such as age, comorbidities, renal function, LV function, pulmonary pressures, and surgical urgency. The calculator implements the exact logistic coefficients as published by Nashe
EuroSCORE II (Valvular Surgery Mortality): Explanation and Clinical Context EuroSCORE II is a widely validated risk model designed to estimate the probability of in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery, including valvular procedures. It incorporates patient-related factors (age, gender, renal function, extracardiac arteriopathy, mobility, previous cardiac surgery, chronic lung disease, active endocarditis, critic
EuroSCORE II: Explanation and Clinical Context EuroSCORE II is a comprehensive, validated scoring system used to estimate 30-day mortality risk following cardiac surgery. It uses logistic regression with 18 variables, including patient demographics, comorbidities, cardiac status, urgency of surgery, and type of procedure. This precise model allows individualized risk prediction, aiding clinicians in decision-making,
EVEREST HF Prognostic Algorithm — explanation and context The EVEREST score is a 0–18 clinician-rated composite of six symptoms/signs of congestion: dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, jugular venous distension (JVD), rales, and pedal edema. Each item is graded 0–3 using the standardized EVEREST grading scale (0 = none; 1 = seldom or mild; 2 = moderate/frequent; 3 = continuous/marked or the numeric JVD/rales/edema threshold
EWOLUTION Risk Model (Watchman Outcomes): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements the risk stratification described from the EWOLUTION registry of patients undergoing percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) with the Watchman device. In a patient-level analysis of 1,020 all-comers, six baseline variables independently predicted all-cause mortality at two years: older age,
Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) Index: Explanation and Clinical Context Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) is characterized by cyclic fluctuations in ventilation during exercise, observed on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The EOV Index combines the severity of oscillations, exercise capacity (peak VO2), and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) to quantify the prognostic burden in heart failure
Exercise Prescription Cardiac Safety Index (HR Zones + Meds): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides individualized heart rate training zones integrating medication effects and cardiac safety factors. It uses the heart rate reserve (HRR) formula when resting HR is available and adjusts predicted HRmax for patients on beta-blockers using the Brawner equation (HRmax ≈ 164 − 0.7×age), otherwise the Ta
Exercise-Induced Hypertension Risk Index (EIHR Index): Explanation and Clinical Context Exercise-Induced Hypertension (EIH) refers to an exaggerated increase in systolic blood pressure during graded exercise testing, typically defined as a peak systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men or ≥190 mmHg in women. It reflects increased vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and an early marker of future sustained hypertension and
: Explanation and Clinical Context Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV%) quantifies the proportion of myocardial tissue that is extracellular space, as derived from pre- and post-contrast T1 mapping in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). It reflects interstitial expansion caused by fibrosis, edema, or infiltration. The ECV is calculated using native and post-contrast myocardial and blood T1 values, adjusted for
Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV) by MRI: Explanation and Clinical Context Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV) quantifies the proportion of the myocardial tissue that is extracellular space, providing a non-invasive estimate of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and infiltration. The calculation uses pre- and post-contrast T1 values of myocardium and blood, corrected for the patient's hematocrit: ECV = (1 - Hct) × (ΔR1_my
e' Average: Explanation and Clinical Context The e prime average value represents the combined early diastolic mitral annular velocity obtained from the lateral and septal annulus using tissue Doppler imaging. This index provides a quantitative assessment of myocardial relaxation, which is a key determinant of left ventricular diastolic function. Because the lateral annulus typically exhibits higher velocities and th