1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
D-dimer–NT-proBNP Composite Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The D-dimer–NT-proBNP Composite Risk Score is a clinical tool developed to estimate short-term adverse outcomes in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). It combines plasma D-dimer levels, a marker of fibrin degradation and thrombosis activity, with NT-proBNP levels, a biomarker of myocardial stress. This composite scoring system stratifie
DANISH Score (ICD Benefit Model): Explanation and Clinical Context The DANISH Score is derived from the DANISH trial (Køber et al., 2016) to estimate the potential benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure. It considers clinical variables such as age, sex, ischemic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), diabetes mellitus, a
DANISH Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DANISH score is a clinical tool developed to assess the benefit of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) implantation in patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure. It incorporates three key parameters: age, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and NT-proBNP levels. These factors are combined to stratify patients into low, moderate, or hi
DANISH Trial — ICD Subgroup Mortality Index: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool is an educational, exploratory calculator that maps an individual patient’s profile onto the principal subgroup findings from the DANISH randomized trial (Køber et al., NEJM 2016) and subsequent subgroup/extended analyses. The DANISH trial randomized 1,116 patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure to receive an ICD or usua
DAPA-HF Response Predictor: Explanation and Clinical Context The DAPA‑HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) trial demonstrated that dapagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In subsequent analyses, investigators explored baseline variables to identify which patie
DAPT bleeding reduction strategy selector based on high bleeding risk explanation and clinical context This tool is intended for patients with acute coronary syndrome who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention and require dual antiplatelet therapy. It uses the Academic Research Consortium definition of high bleeding risk and the antiplatelet recommendations in the twenty twenty five guideline to suggest practical
DAPT De Escalation Strategy Ticagrelor or Prasugrel to Clopidogrel Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator helps clinicians apply the two part concept of DAPT modulation in the twenty twenty five acute coronary syndrome guideline. The guideline confirms that ticagrelor and prasugrel are preferred over clopidogrel in most patients with ACS undergoing PCI because they reduce major adverse cardiovascular events
DAPT Score: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) Score is a validated clinical tool developed to help physicians decide whether to extend dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 12 months after coronary stent implantation. It balances ischemic benefit against bleeding risk based on nine clinical and procedural variables. A score of >2 suggests that prolonged DAPT may reduce the
DAPT-CHF Subgroup Analysis Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The DAPT-CHF Subgroup Analysis Index estimates the net clinical benefit of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with coronary stents who have coexisting chronic heart failure (CHF). The original DAPT Study demonstrated that extended DAPT beyond 12 months reduced stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction but increased moderate or sev
DAS28 ESR CRP Rheumatoid arthritis activity score Explanation and clinical context DAS28 is a composite score used to quantify disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using 28 joint counts for tenderness and swelling combined with a patient reported global health measure and one inflammatory biomarker. The score can be calculated using either erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C reactive protein. The fo
DASH Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DASH Score is a clinical prediction rule designed to estimate the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients presenting with suspected VTE. It incorporates four variables: D-dimer levels, age, sex, and hormonal therapy use. Each variable is assigned points based on thresholds derived from cohort studies. Higher total scores correlate with increased probability of
Explanation and Clinical Context DASS twenty one is a validated screening instrument designed to measure emotional distress across three independent domains that include stress anxiety and depression. The tool quantifies symptoms through twenty one simple questions that patients can complete in a short time which makes it practical for use in both clinical and research settings. Scores are doubled to match the struct
DCM Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DCM Mortality Score is a clinical risk prediction tool developed for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) to estimate 1-year mortality risk. It integrates age, NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and history of ventricular arrhythmia. Higher scores correspond to worse prognosis. This tool helps clinicians stratify patients f
DECLARE–TIMI 58 HF Risk Reduction Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DECLARE–TIMI 58 trial evaluated over 17,000 patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, assessing dapagliflozin versus placebo for major adverse cardiovascular and heart failure outcomes. The study demonstrated a significant reduction in hospitalization for heart failure, irrespective o
— Explanation and Clinical Context The DeepCAD Risk Model here is presented as a transparent prototype intended to illustrate how an AI-based coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality predictor can be embedded into a clinical website tool. This prototype combines widely reported clinical predictors (age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, serum creatinine, diabetes, prior myocardial infarction, active smoking, an
DeepHeart (approximation) — Explanation and Clinical Context DeepHeart in the original publications is a semi-supervised deep learning pipeline trained on large amounts of wearable heart-rate time series and limited labeled clinical data to predict multiple cardiometabolic conditions and to flag abnormal rhythms. The model learns features from continuous heart rate and activity signals rather than relying solely on h
DeepSurv HF Prognostic Model — Explanation and Clinical Context DeepSurv is a Cox-proportional-hazards deep neural network that learns a nonlinear risk function from patient covariates and outputs individualized survival/hazard estimates. Applied to heart failure (HF), DeepSurv-based models can integrate many continuous and interacting predictors (clinical variables, biomarkers, and high-resolution signals) and may i
Default dual antiplatelet therapy duration ≥ twelve months after acute coronary syndrome strategy tool explanation and clinical context Dual antiplatelet therapy which combines aspirin with an oral P two Y twelve inhibitor is a cornerstone of treatment after acute coronary syndrome because it lowers the risk of early and late thrombotic events including recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis across both
Patient age (years) Atrial Septal Aneurysm (ASA) present? Septal hypermobility (phasic excursion, mm) High-risk threshold in DEFENSE-PFO: ≥10 mm. PFO separation/height (maximum septum primum–secundum separation, mm) High-risk threshold in DEFENSE-PFO: ≥2 mm. DEFENSE-PFO Model (Cryptogenic Stroke Benefit): Explanation and Clinical Context The DEFENSE-PFO trial evaluated patients with cryptogenic stroke and high-risk p
DeFeo Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DeFeo Score is a validated tool to predict the surgical indication in patients with mitral valve disease. It incorporates functional, structural, and hemodynamic parameters: NYHA functional class, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Each parameter is assigned points based on t
Dehydration Severity in Children Explanation and Clinical Context Dehydration in children commonly occurs due to gastroenteritis febrile illness or reduced intake. The percentage of weight loss is one of the most practical and widely used clinical indicators to classify dehydration severity. No dehydration is generally considered when weight loss is under three percent. Mild to moderate dehydration is usually between
: Explanation and Clinical Context The calculator estimates the 2-year absolute benefit of adding dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily in patients with symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 40% (mildly reduced or preserved). The estimate uses a simplified model based on the primary endpoint of the DELIVER trial (composite of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure) in which dapa
Delta Troponin Change Based Acute MI Algorithm This calculator helps evaluate likelihood of acute myocardial infarction based on serial high sensitivity troponin measurement using initial and repeat values combined with absolute and relative delta changes. Diagnosis is supported when at least one value exceeds the ninety ninth percentile reference limit with a rising or falling pattern that meets significant change t
Denes Prognostic Index (DPI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Denes Prognostic Index is a clinical tool used to assess the mortality risk in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). This index incorporates several key clinical parameters to stratify patients into different risk categories, aiding clinicians in decision-making processes regarding treatment strategies and resource allocation.
Dengue Severity Criteria Explanation and Clinical Context Dengue severity classification is an essential tool to support early identification of patients who are at risk of deterioration. The framework is based on internationally accepted clinical criteria that distinguish three major groups which are probable dengue, dengue with warning signs, and severe dengue. Probable dengue is characterized by fever and supporti
Depolarization Abnormality Index (DAI): Explanation and Clinical Context DAI is a quantitative ECG measure designed to evaluate intraventricular conduction abnormalities and predict risk of adverse cardiac events. It is calculated by subtracting the intrinsicoid deflection in leads V5 or V6 from the total QRS duration and dividing by the QRS duration. A higher DAI indicates a greater conduction abnormality and potent
DEPOSIT Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DEPOSIT (Device-related Endocarditis Prediction) Score is a validated tool to estimate the risk of infective endocarditis in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). It incorporates patient age, device type (pacemaker, ICD, CRT), prior device-related infections, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, and renal failure. Higher scores indicate i
Derived Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (dNLR): Explanation and Clinical Context dNLR is calculated as the ratio of neutrophil count to the difference between total white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil count (dNLR = Neutrophils / [WBC - Neutrophils]). It is a simple, readily available inflammatory marker derived from routine blood counts. Elevated dNLR has been associated with adverse outcomes in patients with
Derived Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (dNLR): Explanation and Clinical Context dNLR is calculated as the ratio of neutrophil count to the difference between total white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil count (dNLR = Neutrophils / [WBC - Neutrophils]). It is a simple, readily available inflammatory marker derived from routine blood counts. Elevated dNLR has been associated with adverse outcomes in patients with
DES Gene Risk Stratification (proposed, literature-informed): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements a pragmatic, composite risk tool for individuals with DES gene variants (desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy) that combines genotype (pathogenic/likely pathogenic vs VUS/negative), presence of clinical cardiomyopathy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), arrhythmic burden (non-sustained VT,
: Explanation and Clinical Context The DETECT Algorithm is a validated, evidence-based two-step screening tool for early detection of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). It was developed from a large prospective multicenter study (Coghlan et al., Ann Rheum Dis, 2014) that identified key clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic predictors of PAH in high-risk SSc patients
DETECT ICD algorithm — explanation and clinical context The DETECT ICD tool is a pragmatic, rule-based decision support algorithm to help clinicians triage patients with syncope who may require consideration of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy or expedited electrophysiology evaluation. It prioritizes: (1) clear secondary-prevention indications such as documented sustained ventricular tachycardia (
DETERMINE-AHF Composite Outcome Algorithm — Explanation and Clinical Context This page implements a prototype calculator designed to estimate the probability of a pre-specified composite adverse outcome in acute heart failure (AHF) using a logistic regression style formula. The prototype accepts common, admission-time clinical variables (age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, creatinine, BUN, NT-proBNP, LVEF, and
Detsky Cardiac Risk Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Detsky Cardiac Risk Index is one of the earliest structured tools developed to estimate the risk of perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing non cardiac surgery. It predates the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and remains historically important because it introduced a systematic approach to clinical variables that increase perioperative card
Device Infection Risk (PADIT Score): Explanation and Clinical Context The PADIT score is a validated risk stratification tool for predicting the risk of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. It incorporates five variables: number of prior CIED procedures, patient age, immunocompromised status, device type, and procedure type. Each factor is assigned a weight based on its independent association with
Device Safety in Contact Sports Index (ICD/Pacemaker Risks): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides a pragmatic, literature-informed risk index to support shared decision-making for athletes with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)—including transvenous ICDs, subcutaneous ICDs (S-ICDs), transvenous pacemakers, and leadless pacemakers—who wish to participate in sports with varying levels
Diabetes-CVD Interaction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context This index is a proposed composite metric designed to reflect the synergistic effect of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients. Key input variables include age, gender, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control (HbA1c), prior cardiovascular history and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The underlying rationale is th
DIAL2 Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DIAL2 (Diabetes Lifespan) model estimates the lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD-free life expectancy in individuals with type 2 diabetes without prior CVD history. Developed using data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, the model incorporates factors such as age, sex, smoking status, BMI, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and LDL cholestero
Dialysis Adequacy and Dose Index Explanation and Clinical Context Dialysis adequacy is commonly quantified using two complementary measures. The urea reduction ratio is the percent reduction in blood urea concentration during a single hemodialysis session and offers a simple quality control metric. Single pool KtV from the Daugirdas second generation formula provides an estimate of dialysis dose accounting for treatm
Dialysis Need Prediction Score (HF + AKI): Explanation and Clinical Context This prediction model estimates the likelihood of requiring dialysis in patients with acute heart failure complicated by acute kidney injury. It incorporates clinical variables such as age, serum creatinine, heart rate, blood urea nitrogen, and albuminuria. The model has been validated for its accuracy and reliability in predicting dialysis n
Digital Health Adherence Impact Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Digital Health Adherence Impact Index (DHAII) is a composite metric designed to quantify the expected clinical benefit of adherence to prescribed medications combined with engagement in remote monitoring programs. It is calculated using weighted contributions from medication adherence (typically 60%) and remote monitoring engagement (typicall
Diuretic Efficiency Index (DEI): Explanation and Clinical Context Diuretic Efficiency Index (DEI) quantifies the effectiveness of loop diuretics by relating the change in patient weight (ΔWeight, representing fluid loss) to the administered diuretic dose (furosemide equivalent in mg). It is primarily used in patients with acute decompensated heart failure to assess diuretic response and guide therapy adjustments. A h
Diving Fitness Cardiac Clearance Score: Explanation and Clinical Context This scoring tool aims to support clinicians in assessing cardiovascular fitness for diving in recreational or occupational settings. It incorporates key parameters known to influence cardiovascular event risk (age, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, exercise tolerance, and known coronary artery disease) in the diving environment. Imme
Measured DLCO Predicted DLCO DLCO Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide Explanation and Clinical Context DLCO describes the ability of the lungs to transfer carbon monoxide from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood and is one of the most sensitive indicators of gas exchange function. A normal DLCO reflects adequate alveolar surface area, intact alveolar capillary membrane, and sufficient pulmonary blood vo
DRAGON Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DRAGON Score is a validated clinical tool designed to predict the likelihood of poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3–6) at 3 months in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis. It incorporates six key predictors: Dense Artery sign on imaging, pre-stroke functional status (mRS), age, admission blood glucose, onset-to-treatm
Volume to Infuse (mL) Infusion Time (minutes) Drop Factor (gtt/mL) Drops Per Minute Infusion Calculator Clinical Explanation and Reference This calculator determines the required drip rate for manual intravenous infusion therapy. Drops per minute is influenced by three primary variables which are total volume to be delivered in milliliters, infusion duration in minutes, and drop factor of the infusion set expressed i
Calculator mode This tool supports two peer-reviewed approaches: 1) CTEPH segmental scoring (Abozeed et al., 2022): Perfusion Defect (PD) Score = number of segmental perfusion defects (0–18). Optional “Combined Score” adds clot-burden points (anatomic thrombus load) for stronger correlation with hemodynamics. 2) Perfusion Defect Percentage (Kim et al., 2014): Mean extent of perfusion defect across three coronal plane
Duke Activity Status Index (DASI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) is a self-administered questionnaire designed to estimate a patient's functional capacity in metabolic equivalents (METs) based on their ability to perform common daily activities. The total score ranges from 0 to 58.2 points, with higher scores indicating better functional capacity and lower cardiovascular risk.
Duke Activity Status Index Explanation and Clinical Context The Duke Activity Status Index is a validated self administered questionnaire used to estimate functional capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness by quantifying a patient's ability to perform common daily and recreational activities. The total score represents a surrogate measure of maximal oxygen consumption which correlates strongly with peak VO2 measured d
: Explanation and Clinical Context The Modified Duke Criteria is a widely accepted clinical tool for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE) based on a combination of major and minor criteria. Major criteria include positive blood cultures and evidence of endocardial involvement via echocardiography. Minor criteria include predisposing heart conditions or IV drug use, fever >38°C, vascular phenomena (e.g., arterial em
Duke Treadmill Score with Bruce Protocol: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Duke Treadmill Score is an established tool that integrates exercise duration, the magnitude of ST segment deviation, and the presence of angina during exercise to estimate the probability of significant coronary artery disease and long term survival. The score was developed to combine exercise capacity and ischemic burden in
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Explanation — (imaging-based) This tool implements an imaging-based composite risk index developed to stratify patients with dystrophin-associated cardiomyopathy (principally Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD) by combining the timing and severity of left ventricular dysfunction with the timing and severity of myocardial fibrosis detected by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The ind