1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Item Scale GAD 7 GAD 7 Anxiety Score Explanation and Clinical Context The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 item scale is a validated screening instrument that measures the severity of generalized anxiety symptoms in clinical and community populations. Each item reflects a core dimension of anxiety including worry hyperarousal restlessness and difficulty relaxing. The scoring system ranges
Gail Breast Cancer Risk Model Explanation and Clinical Context The Gail Breast Cancer Risk Model is a validated clinical tool developed to estimate the probability that a woman will develop invasive breast cancer over a defined period, usually five years and over a lifetime until age ninety. The model incorporates epidemiologic risk variables including current age, age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of
Gait and Handgrip Strength Index (GHSI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Gait and Handgrip Strength Index (GHSI) combines gait speed (m/s) and handgrip strength (kg) as an integrated measure of physical performance and frailty in older adults and patients with cardiovascular disease. Gait speed reflects overall mobility, functional capacity, and cardiovascular reserve, while handgrip strength reflects upper-body
Gait Nutritional Risk Index (NRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) is a validated scoring system developed by Buzby et al. (1988) to assess the risk of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. It is calculated using the formula: NRI = (1.519 × serum albumin [g/dL]) + (41.7 × (current weight / usual weight)). Higher NRI values indicate better nutritional status, while lower values indic
Gait Speed Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Gait Speed Index measures the average walking speed of an individual, calculated as the distance walked (in meters) divided by the time taken (in seconds), expressed in meters per second (m/s). It is a simple, validated measure of functional status and physical performance, particularly in older adults and patients with cardiovascular or frailty conditions. Slowe
Galectin-3 Tertile Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context Galectin-3 is a biomarker associated with myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, and adverse remodeling in patients with heart failure. This risk model stratifies patients into tertiles based on circulating Galectin-3 levels to predict prognosis and risk of morbidity and mortality. Tertile 1 represents low risk (<14.1 ng/mL), Tertile 2 represents intermediat
GARFIELD-AF Mortality Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The GARFIELD-AF Mortality Risk Model is a validated predictive tool derived from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) registry. It estimates the 1-year all-cause mortality risk in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation based on age, sex, comorbidities (heart failure, vascular disease, diabetes, pr
GARFIELD-AF Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The GARFIELD-AF Risk Model is a validated clinical tool derived from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation, which captures real-world data on patients with atrial fibrillation worldwide. This model provides individualized predictions for three critical outcomes: ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, major bleeding, and all-cause mortal
GDF-15 Risk Index for Heart Failure Outcomes: Explanation and Clinical Context The GDF-15 Risk Index is a biomarker-based tool to estimate prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. It combines circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), age, NT-proBNP, and NYHA functional class to stratify patients by risk of adverse outcomes including mortality and HF hospitalization. Higher GDF-15 value
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: explanation and clinical context This prototype score combines genetic test results (presence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in well-established aortic disease genes) with clinical risk features (family history, connective tissue disorder, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, smoking, age, and sex) to produce a single numeric value that stratifies risk into Low, Moderate, High, and Very high categories. G
Genetic Risk Score (GRS13) for Lipid Disorders: Explanation and Clinical Context The GRS13 is a polygenic risk score calculated from 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with lipid abnormalities, including elevated LDL-C, low HDL-C, and hypertriglyceridemia. Each SNP contributes to the score based on the number of risk alleles (0,1,2) and their effect sizes derived from genome-wide association studies
Revised Geneva Score for Pulmonary Embolism Explanation and Clinical Context The Revised Geneva Score is an objective clinical prediction rule that estimates the probability of pulmonary embolism using only objective clinical variables. It assigns points for age 65 or older previous deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism recent surgery or fracture active malignancy unilateral lower limb pain hemoptysis signs of d
About Gensini Score: The Gensini Score is a quantitative angiographic tool used to assess the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). It considers both the degree of luminal narrowing and the importance of the lesion's location in the coronary tree. Each degree of stenosis (1–25% = 1 point; 26–50% = 2; 51–75% = 4; 76–90% = 8; 91–99% = 16; 100% = 32) is multiplied by a weighting factor based on the anatomic segment
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI): Explanation and Clinical Context GNRI is a simple and validated tool designed to assess the nutritional risk in elderly patients. It combines serum albumin levels and the ratio of actual to ideal body weight to predict the risk of nutrition-related complications and mortality. The original formula by Bouillanne et al. (2005) is: GNRI = (1.489 × serum albumin [g/L]) + (41.7 × (
Explanation and Clinical Context Gestational age is the estimation of fetal age counted from the first day of the last menstrual period. This method is widely used in obstetric practice as a standard approach to determine fetal maturity level, monitor fetal development, schedule antenatal visits, and plan delivery timing. The calculation describes pregnancy progress in weeks and days which provides a clinically impor
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Mortality Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Risk Score is a validated tool developed from the American Heart Association's national registry to predict in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It incorporates seven readily available clinical variables at the time of hospital admission: age, systolic
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Rehospitalization Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Rehospitalization Risk Score was developed from a large national registry to estimate the likelihood of 30-day readmission after discharge for patients hospitalized with heart failure. It integrates key clinical parameters available at admission and discharge, including age, blood pressure, heart
Get With The Guidelines�Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context GWTG-HF Risk Score is a validated tool to estimate in-hospital mortality risk for patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure. It uses simple clinical variables available at hospital admission, including age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum sodium, blood urea nitrogen, COPD status, and race. The total
GFR Decline Rate (%/year): Explanation and Clinical Context The GFR Decline Rate quantifies the annualized percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time. It is calculated as: ((Follow-up eGFR – Baseline eGFR) / Baseline eGFR) / Time interval in years × 100. This metric is crucial for identifying patients at risk of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). A decline rate >5% per year is t
Gillmore Staging (ATTR Amyloidosis): Explanation and Clinical Context Gillmore staging is a validated system to stratify prognosis in patients with transthyretin (ATTR) cardiac amyloidosis, using serum NT-proBNP and renal function (eGFR) as key predictors. Stage 1 corresponds to NT-proBNP < 3000 ng/L and eGFR > 45 mL/min/1.73m², indicating the lowest risk group. Stage 2 includes patients who meet only one of the abov
Glasgow Coma Scale Assessment Explanation and Clinical Context Glasgow Coma Scale is a standardized scale for assessing level of consciousness in acute brain injury and other conditions affecting consciousness. It comprises three components eye response verbal response and motor response with item scores summed to yield a total score from 3 to 15. Eye response ranges from 1 to 4 with higher value indicating better sp
: Explanation & Clinical Context This model estimates the probability of having a complicated Glenn procedure (cGP) after a bidirectional Glenn operation. The cGP concept is derived from Khaira et al (2023), where they defined a composite endpoint of mortality or significant postoperative complications by 2 years. In their multivariable analysis, higher inotrope score on postoperative day 1 (HR ≈ 1.04 per unit) and u
GLOBAL LEADERS HF Subscore: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLOBAL LEADERS HF Subscore is intended as a prognostic tool to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes (such as mortality or heart-failure hospitalisation) in patients with chronic heart failure. It incorporates key clinical and biomarker variables (such as age, left-ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP level, presence of chronic kidney disease, and r
Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS): Explanation and Clinical Context Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) by speckle-tracking echocardiography measures the percentage deformation (shortening) of the left ventricular myocardium in the longitudinal direction during systole. GLS is reported as a negative percentage (for example, −20% represents greater shortening than −15%) and is a sensitive measure of longitudinal systolic
Global Longitudinal Strain Early Change Index (GLS-ECI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Global Longitudinal Strain Early Change Index (GLS-ECI) is a sensitive echocardiographic measure used to detect early myocardial dysfunction before overt changes in left ventricular ejection fraction occur. It is calculated as the percentage change between baseline GLS and follow-up GLS: GLS-ECI (%) = (Follow-up GLS − Baseli
: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLOBAL-LEADERS trial was an open‐label, all‐comers randomized study of 1 month of aspirin + ticagrelor followed by 23 months of ticagrelor monotherapy vs 12 months of DAPT followed by 12 months of aspirin in patients undergoing PCI with a biolimus‐eluting stent. The primary outcome (all-cause mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction) did not reach statistical superiority. Se
: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Globorisk model estimates the 10-year probability of developing a major cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death) based on easily available clinical factors such as age, sex, blood pressure, total cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes. It is designed to be adaptable for various countries by calibrating local incidence rates a
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Goldenberg Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Goldenberg Risk Score is designed to predict mortality and appropriate ICD interventions in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF < 35%). It incorporates five independent predictors: age > 70 years, NYHA class III–IV, QRS duration > 120 ms, presence of atrial fibrillation (AF), and elevated blood urea nitr
GRACE 2.0 Risk Calculator for Acute Coronary Syndromes: Explanation and Clinical Context The GRACE risk model is a guideline supported prognostic tool for patients with acute coronary syndromes and is recommended in the 2025 American guideline on acute coronary syndromes to support risk assessment and to inform the choice and timing of an invasive strategy, especially in patients with non ST elevation acute coronary
GRACE Score: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) Score is a validated risk assessment tool designed to predict mortality in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). It integrates eight clinical variables-age, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, Killip class, ST-segment deviation, cardiac arrest on admission, and cardiac enzyme elev
Gubner–Ungerleider Index — explanation and clinical context The Gubner–Ungerleider voltage index is an early electrocardiographic voltage criterion intended to detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). It is calculated as the algebraic sum of the amplitude of the R wave in lead I plus the amplitude of the S wave in lead III (R(I) + S(III)). Classic sources and many contemporary reviews report a commonly used thresho
: Practical explanation and clinical context The GUIDE-IT (Guiding Evidence Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment in Heart Failure) strategy used serial NT-proBNP measurements to target a predefined goal (NT-proBNP < 1,000 pg/mL) and prompted more aggressive titration of guideline-directed medical therapy when values exceeded that threshold. The practical intention is to use NT-proBNP as an objective bi
Gupta Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest (MICA) Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The Gupta MICA model estimates the probability of perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest within 30 days after non-cardiac surgery. It uses five preoperative predictors readily available at assessment: age (continuous), functional status (independent/partially dependent/totally dependent), American Society
Gustilo Open Fracture Classification Explanation and Clinical Context The Gustilo open fracture classification system categorizes open fractures by wound size soft tissue injury contamination and associated vascular injury. Type I indicates a clean wound less than or equal to 1 centimeter with minimal soft tissue damage. Type II indicates a wound greater than 1 centimeter and less than or equal to 10 centimeters with
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Length of Stay Prediction: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Length of Stay (LOS) model was developed from a cohort of over 100,000 hospitalizations in the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure registry. It provides an evidence-based estimate of the expected hospital length of stay for patients admitted with acute decompensated he