1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
E-CPET Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The E-CPET Score integrates cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters with echocardiographic findings to assess the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). It combines peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak), ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO₂ slope), right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and patient age to provide a comprehensive
E/A Ratio Grading (Diastolic Function): Explanation and Clinical Context The E/A ratio is obtained from Doppler echocardiography by dividing the peak early (E) mitral inflow velocity by the peak atrial (A) contraction velocity. It is a cornerstone for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function. Grade I (E/A < 0.8) represents impaired relaxation, commonly seen in early diastolic dysfunction and aging. Grade II (E/
E over e Ratio: Clinical Explanation and Interpretation The E over e ratio provides an indirect estimation of left ventricular filling pressures by combining transmitral inflow velocity with myocardial relaxation velocity measured through tissue Doppler imaging. The early transmitral flow velocity rises when left atrial pressure increases, while the e prime velocity decreases when myocardial relaxation is impaired. T
E/e' Ratio: Explanation and Clinical Context The E over e prime ratio is one of the most widely used echocardiographic indices to estimate left ventricular filling pressure. The E wave represents early diastolic transmitral flow velocity which increases when the left atrial pressure rises. The e prime velocity is measured at the mitral annulus and reflects the intrinsic rate of myocardial relaxation. Since e prime de
Early Graft Failure Risk (post-CABG): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability of early saphenous vein graft (SVG) occlusion within 12 months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using the SAFINOUS model (Antonopoulos et al., JTCVS 2020). It incorporates patient factors (age, sex, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, serum creatinine), operative details (endoscopic vein harvestin
EASE Score (Early Surgery Benefit in Infective Endocarditis): Explanation and Clinical Context The EASE Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the potential benefit of early surgical intervention in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). It incorporates age, the presence of Staphylococcus aureus infection, severe heart failure (NYHA class III-IV), and the size of valvular vegetations. The score assigns poi
Echo Dyssynchrony Index (Ts-SD 12 LV): Explanation and Clinical Context The Echo Dyssynchrony Index, calculated as the standard deviation of time to peak systolic velocity (Ts) across 12 left ventricular segments using tissue Doppler imaging, is a validated measure to quantify mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with heart failure. It was originally described by Yu et al. (2004) and has been used to predict response
Echocardiographic PH Probability Algorithm (TTE-based): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator applies the 2022 ESC/ERS transthoracic echocardiographic algorithm for pulmonary hypertension (PH). It integrates the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) with secondary echocardiographic signs grouped into three categories (A, B, and C). A TRV > 3.4 m/s alone indicates a high probability of PH. When TRV is
Explanation and Clinical Context Echocardiography hemodynamics integrates Doppler derived flow, structural measurements, and chamber velocities to estimate stroke volume, cardiac output, filling pressure, and right atrial pressure. LVOT VTI with a measured LVOT diameter yields stroke volume using the continuity principle. Inferior vena cava size and respiratory variation provide an estimate of right atrial pressure a
EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score was developed from the EchoCRT trial population to predict the likelihood of non-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The model integrates clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters to stratify patients based on the probability of failing to show symptomatic or reverse remodeling
ECMOnet Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ECMOnet score is a tool for evaluating the appropriateness and timing of veno-venous (VV) ECMO in acute lung failure. It incorporates clinical parameters such as age, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, APACHE II score, platelet count, and PaCO₂ levels to assess the severity of illness and predict outcomes. Higher scores indicate a lower likelihood of survival and may suggest the need
ECV% Threshold Index (Amyloid Detection): Explanation and Clinical Context Extracellular Volume (ECV) quantification by cardiac MRI provides a non-invasive measure of myocardial amyloid infiltration. Elevated ECV% indicates expansion of the extracellular matrix, commonly due to amyloid fibril deposition. ECV > 40% is strongly suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis, while values between 30–39% indicate intermediate probabi
Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) is a validated tool designed to quickly screen frailty in older adults, assessing multiple domains including cognition, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication use, nutrition, mood, continence, and functional performance. Scores range from 0 to 17, with higher scores indicating greater fr
EFFECT Heart Failure Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EFFECT Heart Failure Mortality Score (Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment) is a validated risk stratification tool developed from a large Canadian cohort to estimate 30-day mortality among patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. The model incorporates clinical and laboratory variables easily obtained at admis
EFFECT Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EFFECT Risk Score is a validated clinical tool developed to predict in-hospital and 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It incorporates key clinical variables including age, systolic blood pressure, serum sodium, serum creatinine, history of heart failure, and presence of diabetes. Each variable is assigned po
Effusion Recurrence Index (ERI): rationale, use and limitations The Effusion Recurrence Index (ERI) presented here is a practical, literature-derived point score intended to estimate the risk that a clinically significant pericardial (or pleural) effusion will recur after index drainage or medical management. In multiple series, the presence of malignancy and positive cytology are the most consistent predictors of ea
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EHMRG (Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade): Explanation and Clinical Context EHMRG is a validated risk scoring tool developed to predict short-term mortality (typically 7-day) in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute decompensated heart failure. It incorporates readily available clinical and laboratory variables including age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, seru
EHR–AF Recurrence Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The EHR–AF Recurrence Model is a predictive tool designed to assess the risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence following catheter ablation. It incorporates clinical parameters such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin levels, lymphocyte count, left atrial diameter (LAD), and the presence of non-paroxysmal atrial fi
EHR–AI Heart Failure Onset Predictor — Prototype Explanation and Clinical Context This page implements a transparent, explainable prototype risk-index (0–100) that combines common, routinely recorded EHR variables (age, sex, BMI, systolic BP, heart rate, hypertension, diabetes, coronary disease, atrial fibrillation, renal function, smoking and optional natriuretic peptide level). The index is computed as a weighted s
EHRA Bleeding Risk Index (Ablation): Explanation and Clinical Context The EHRA Bleeding Risk Index is a validated scoring system designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. It integrates clinical variables such as advanced age, prior major bleeding, renal dysfunction, liver disease, use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, and hypertension. Pa
EHRA Symptom Score (AF Severity Class): Explanation and Clinical Context The EHRA (European Heart Rhythm Association) symptom score is a standardized tool to quantify the severity of symptoms in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It categorizes patients based on the impact of AF-related symptoms on daily activities. The score ranges from EHRA I (asymptomatic) to EHRA IV (disabling symptoms), allowing clinicians
Eisenmenger Functional Class: Explanation and Clinical Context The Eisenmenger Functional Class is a clinically derived risk stratification system used for patients with Eisenmenger syndrome to estimate functional limitation and prognosis. It incorporates symptoms (NYHA class), oxygen saturation at rest, and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) to predict exercise capacity and clinical outcomes. Class I corresponds to patie
Eisenmenger Pediatric Transition Index (EPTI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Eisenmenger Pediatric Transition Index (EPTI) is a composite score designed to estimate the risk of adverse events during the transition from pediatric to adult care in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. It incorporates four clinical parameters: age, oxygen saturation, hematocrit, and NYHA functional class. Lower oxygen saturation, h
Eisenmenger Pregnancy Mortality Index (EPMI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Eisenmenger Pregnancy Mortality Index (EPMI) is a validated tool designed to estimate the risk of maternal mortality in pregnant women with Eisenmenger syndrome. It incorporates simple clinical and laboratory parameters readily available in routine care: NYHA functional class, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin level, and platelet count. Ea
About This Calculator Ejection Fraction (EF) menggambarkan persentase darah yang dipompa ventrikel kiri setiap siklus. Perhitungan ini menggunakan rumus: EF = (SV / EDV) × 100. Pada konteks klinis, EF menjadi salah satu indikator utama fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri. Nilai ≥ 50% dianggap normal, 40–49% menunjukkan mild LV dysfunction, dan < 40% mengarah pada reduced EF yang sering terkait dengan heart failure dengan
EJECTION-HF — LVEF Recovery Index (Prototype): explanation and context Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) recovery after an episode of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is an important clinical outcome with implications for prognosis and management. Multiple observational studies and systematic reviews show that several features are repeatedly associated with a greater probability of LVEF im
Explanation and Clinical Context The European Kidney Function Consortium equation is a contemporary and validated approach for estimating glomerular filtration rate across broad age ranges. The equation improves accuracy by using a population based reference serum creatinine distribution that reduces bias commonly seen in previous formulas. It is applicable to adult and adolescent patients and provides an estimation
ELECTRa Registry Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ELECTRa Registry Mortality Score, also known as the EROS (ELECTRa Registry Outcome Score), is a risk stratification tool developed to predict the likelihood of major adverse events (MAEs) and mortality in patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction (TLE). It incorporates clinical variables such as age, gender, left ventricular ejection fractio
ELECTRa-SCORE (Lead Extraction): Explanation and Clinical Context ELECTRa-SCORE is a validated scoring system developed to estimate the risk of major complications during transvenous lead extraction (TLE). It is based on data from the European Lead Extraction ConTRolled (ELECTRa) Registry, the largest prospective TLE registry in Europe. The score is calculated from clinical variables including age, lead dwell time, n
Embolic Risk Score (Infective Endocarditis): Explanation and Clinical Context The Embolic Risk Score is a validated tool used to estimate the likelihood of systemic embolism in patients with infective endocarditis. It is based on six clinical variables: age > 70 years, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, previous embolic events, vegetation length > 10 mm, and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Each positive variabl
Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade (EHMRG): explanation and clinical context The EHMRG is a point-based prognostic model designed to estimate short-term (7-day, and extended 30-day) mortality for patients who present to the emergency department with acute heart failure. It uses data available at ED presentation (age; mode of arrival by EMS; systolic blood pressure; heart rate; peripheral oxygen saturation;
EMPA-REG HF Event Reduction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, randomized to Empagliflozin or placebo, and demonstrated a 35 % relative risk reduction in hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) with empagliflozin. This calculator uses a user-entered estimate of baseline annual risk o
— Explanation and Clinical Context This tool is an approximate, transparent calculator that estimates the expected absolute benefit (absolute risk reduction and number-needed-to-treat) from empagliflozin for the EMPEROR-Preserved primary composite outcome (cardiovascular death or first hospitalization for heart failure) over a follow-up period consistent with the trial (median 26.2 months). The EMPEROR-Preserved rand
: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPHASIS-HF Mortality Reduction Index is designed to estimate the potential benefit of eplerenone in reducing all-cause mortality among patients with mild to moderate symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), as studied in the EMPHASIS-HF trial. The EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And Survival Study in Heart Failure) trial demonst
: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPULSE Response Predictor estimates the likelihood of a favorable clinical outcome with empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure, based on findings from the EMPULSE trial. The trial demonstrated that empagliflozin, initiated in-hospital (median 3 days post-admission), led to significantly higher rates of clinical benefit at 90 days compared to placebo, acr
: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability that an endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) will provide a specific histopathologic or immunohistochemical diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. Diagnostic yield in contemporary cohorts averages around 50–55%, depending on timing, imaging, sampling site, and targeting method. Clinical interpretation Early biopsy (≤14 days), po
Endothelial Dysfunction Post-COVID Index (Explanation and Clinical Context) This calculator combines validated indices of endothelial stress and an exploratory composite to contextualize post-COVID vascular dysfunction. EASIX = LDH × Creatinine / Platelets — initially validated in hematologic and COVID-19 populations. Higher EASIX correlates with worse endothelial activation and outcomes. Age-adjusted EASIX (aEASIX-C
ENDOVAL Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ENDOVAL score is a prognostic tool developed to assess in-hospital mortality risk in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (LSIE) undergoing valve surgery. It incorporates various clinical and microbiological factors to stratify patients into different risk categories, aiding clinicians in decision-making processes regarding surgical interventions.
Endurance Athlete Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context Endurance athletes, particularly those engaged in long-term high-volume aerobic training, have an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with the general population. The pathophysiology involves atrial remodeling due to chronic volume overload, elevated vagal tone, and atrial fibrosis. The Endurance Athlete AF R
ENGAGE AF–TIMI 48 HF Subscore: Background, meaning and references The ENGAGE AF–TIMI 48 randomized trial (edoxaban vs warfarin) enrolled over 21,000 patients with atrial fibrillation. A prespecified analysis examined clinical predictors of a composite endpoint of heart-failure hospitalization, death due to heart failure, or sudden cardiac death among patients without a prior history of heart failure. Multivariable Co
References and context The ENTRUST-AF PCI randomized trial and its prespecified analyses inform antithrombotic choices for AF patients undergoing PCI. Key publications: Vranckx P, et al. ENTRUST-AF PCI (Lancet 2019) — trial report; prespecified analyses and subgroup reports are available in subsequent journal publications. Clinicians should combine the trial evidence with individual CHA₂DS₂-VASc and HAS-BLED assessme
Explanation and Clinical Context The EORTC risk tables estimate the probability of recurrence and progression for patients with non muscle invasive bladder cancer using six clinical and pathological factors. Each factor is assigned points for recurrence and for progression. The sum of points is translated into a probability at one year and at five years using the published EORTC tables. These predictions can support
EPDS Postnatal Depression Scale Explanation and Clinical Context The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a validated screening questionnaire designed to identify mothers who are at risk of developing postpartum depressive symptoms. It evaluates emotional and psychological wellbeing in the early postpartum period through ten items that capture sadness anxiety guilt loss of enjoyment and intrusive self harm thought
: explanation and clinical context This tool implements two things: (1) an objective eligibility check based on the original EPHESUS trial inclusion criteria — specifically enrollment 3–14 days after acute myocardial infarction (MI) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and either signs/symptoms of heart failure or diabetes — and (2) an exploratory, unvalidated response index that weights several clinic
Epicardial Fat Thickness Index (EFTI): Explanation and Clinical Context Epicardial fat is the visceral fat depot surrounding the myocardium and coronary arteries. Measuring its thickness using echocardiography provides an estimate of cardiac visceral adiposity. The Epicardial Fat Thickness Index (EFTI) normalizes epicardial fat thickness to body surface area (BSA), allowing more accurate inter-patient comparisons. In
Epicardial Fat Volume (CT Quantification): Explanation and Clinical Context Epicardial fat volume (EFV) represents the total volume of adipose tissue located between the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium, quantifiable via non-contrast or contrast-enhanced cardiac CT. EFV is calculated by summing the areas of epicardial fat on each slice (cm²) multiplied by the slice thickness (cm) and the number of
EPIPHANY Index (Pulmonary Embolism in Cancer): Explanation and Clinical Context The EPIPHANY Index is a prognostic tool developed for patients with active cancer who present with pulmonary embolism. It estimates the risk of 30-day serious complications, including mortality, hemodynamic instability, or need for intensive care interventions. The score integrates clinical parameters available at presentation: oxygen sat
EQ-5D-5L Cardiovascular Module: Explanation and Clinical Context The EQ-5D-5L Cardiovascular Module is an extension of the generic EQ-5D-5L health-related quality of life instrument, specifically designed for patients with cardiovascular disease. It evaluates six dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, and cardiovascular-specific symptoms. Each dimension is scored from
ESC 2015 Pericarditis Risk Factors: Explanation and Clinical Context The 2015 ESC guideline identifies several predictors associated with an increased risk of complications and poorer prognosis in patients presenting with acute pericarditis. Major risk features include: high fever (>38 °C), a subacute clinical course (insidious or prolonged symptom onset), evidence of a large pericardial effusion (diastolic echo-free
ESC 2022 ARVC Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC 2022 ARVC Risk Score is a validated tool to estimate the 5-year risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). It uses a combination of clinical variables including age, sex, history of syncope, presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs),
ESC 2022 ICD Mortality Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC 2022 ICD Mortality Model is a risk prediction tool designed to estimate the 5-year mortality risk in patients with ischemic heart disease. It incorporates various clinical parameters such as age, gender, NYHA class, renal function (eGFR), hemoglobin levels, heart rate, and history of prior cardiovascular events. This model aids clinicians in ident
ESC 2023 Modified Duke Criteria (with PET/CT and MRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC 2023 Modified Duke Criteria integrate clinical, microbiological, and imaging findings to diagnose infective endocarditis (IE) with improved accuracy. Major criteria include positive blood cultures for typical microorganisms, evidence of endocardial involvement on echocardiography, and modern imaging modalities such as PET/
ESC Cardiorenal Decision Pathway: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC Cardiorenal Decision Pathway integrates key clinical parameters to assess the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with concurrent cardiovascular and renal conditions. This pathway aids clinicians in stratifying patients into risk tiers, facilitating tailored management strategies. The parameters considered include age, estimated glomerular fi
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ESC ICD Primary Prevention Criteria: Explanation and Clinical Context The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2022 guidance on ventricular arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death supports the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for primary prevention in patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when the patient remains at persistently r
ESC Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis Score is a prognostic tool developed to assess the risk of severe outcomes in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis. This score incorporates five key clinical parameters: presence of active thymoma, cardiomyositis symptoms, low QRS voltage on ECG, left ventricular ej
MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group In Chronic Heart Failure) — explanation and clinical context The MAGGIC prognostic model (Pocock et al., Eur Heart J 2013) was developed from individual-patient data pooled from 39,372 patients across 30 cohorts to predict mortality in chronic heart failure. It uses 13 routinely available clinical variables (age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LVEF, serum creatinine,
ESC Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Risk Table 2020: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC PE Risk Table 2020 is a validated tool used to stratify patients with acute pulmonary embolism according to 30-day mortality risk. The score is calculated using simple clinical parameters available at presentation: age >80 years, heart rate >110 bpm, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg, oxygen saturation <90%, and a history of cancer
This integration tool translates the 2023 focused update of the ESC heart failure guidance into a pragmatic bedside checklist and decision aid. It helps clinicians classify phenotype (HFrEF, HFmrEF, HFpEF), check haemodynamic and renal constraints, and assemble the core therapeutic package: ARNI/ACEi/ARB, beta-blocker, MRA, and SGLT2 inhibitors where indicated; use diuretics for congestion; consider specialist referr