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1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.

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ENTRUST-AF PCI Score (CHA2DS2-VASc & HAS-BLED) Calculator

References and context The ENTRUST-AF PCI randomized trial and its prespecified analyses inform antithrombotic choices for AF patients undergoing PCI. Key publications: Vranckx P, et al. ENTRUST-AF PCI (Lancet 2019) — trial report; prespecified analyses and subgroup reports are available in subsequent journal publications. Clinicians should combine the trial evidence with individual CHA₂DS₂-VASc and HAS-BLED assessme

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EPDS Postnatal Depression Scale Calculator

EPDS Postnatal Depression Scale Explanation and Clinical Context The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a validated screening questionnaire designed to identify mothers who are at risk of developing postpartum depressive symptoms. It evaluates emotional and psychological wellbeing in the early postpartum period through ten items that capture sadness anxiety guilt loss of enjoyment and intrusive self harm thought

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EPHESUS Post-MI Eplerenone Response Score

: explanation and clinical context This tool implements two things: (1) an objective eligibility check based on the original EPHESUS trial inclusion criteria — specifically enrollment 3–14 days after acute myocardial infarction (MI) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and either signs/symptoms of heart failure or diabetes — and (2) an exploratory, unvalidated response index that weights several clinic

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Epicardial Fat Thickness Index (EFTI) Calculator

Epicardial Fat Thickness Index (EFTI): Explanation and Clinical Context Epicardial fat is the visceral fat depot surrounding the myocardium and coronary arteries. Measuring its thickness using echocardiography provides an estimate of cardiac visceral adiposity. The Epicardial Fat Thickness Index (EFTI) normalizes epicardial fat thickness to body surface area (BSA), allowing more accurate inter-patient comparisons. In

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Epicardial Fat Volume (CT Quantification) Calculator

Epicardial Fat Volume (CT Quantification): Explanation and Clinical Context Epicardial fat volume (EFV) represents the total volume of adipose tissue located between the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium, quantifiable via non-contrast or contrast-enhanced cardiac CT. EFV is calculated by summing the areas of epicardial fat on each slice (cm²) multiplied by the slice thickness (cm) and the number of

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EPIPHANY Index (PE in Cancer) Calculator

EPIPHANY Index (Pulmonary Embolism in Cancer): Explanation and Clinical Context The EPIPHANY Index is a prognostic tool developed for patients with active cancer who present with pulmonary embolism. It estimates the risk of 30-day serious complications, including mortality, hemodynamic instability, or need for intensive care interventions. The score integrates clinical parameters available at presentation: oxygen sat

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EQ-5D-5L Cardiovascular Module Calculator

EQ-5D-5L Cardiovascular Module: Explanation and Clinical Context The EQ-5D-5L Cardiovascular Module is an extension of the generic EQ-5D-5L health-related quality of life instrument, specifically designed for patients with cardiovascular disease. It evaluates six dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, and cardiovascular-specific symptoms. Each dimension is scored from

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ESC 2015 Pericarditis Risk Factors Calculator

ESC 2015 Pericarditis Risk Factors: Explanation and Clinical Context The 2015 ESC guideline identifies several predictors associated with an increased risk of complications and poorer prognosis in patients presenting with acute pericarditis. Major risk features include: high fever (>38 °C), a subacute clinical course (insidious or prolonged symptom onset), evidence of a large pericardial effusion (diastolic echo-free

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ESC 2022 ARVC Risk Calculator

ESC 2022 ARVC Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC 2022 ARVC Risk Score is a validated tool to estimate the 5-year risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). It uses a combination of clinical variables including age, sex, history of syncope, presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs),

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ESC 2022 ICD Mortality Model Calculator

ESC 2022 ICD Mortality Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC 2022 ICD Mortality Model is a risk prediction tool designed to estimate the 5-year mortality risk in patients with ischemic heart disease. It incorporates various clinical parameters such as age, gender, NYHA class, renal function (eGFR), hemoglobin levels, heart rate, and history of prior cardiovascular events. This model aids clinicians in ident

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ESC 2023 Modified Duke Criteria Calculator

ESC 2023 Modified Duke Criteria (with PET/CT and MRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC 2023 Modified Duke Criteria integrate clinical, microbiological, and imaging findings to diagnose infective endocarditis (IE) with improved accuracy. Major criteria include positive blood cultures for typical microorganisms, evidence of endocardial involvement on echocardiography, and modern imaging modalities such as PET/

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ESC Cardiorenal Decision Pathway (Risk Tier) Calculator

ESC Cardiorenal Decision Pathway: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC Cardiorenal Decision Pathway integrates key clinical parameters to assess the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with concurrent cardiovascular and renal conditions. This pathway aids clinicians in stratifying patients into risk tiers, facilitating tailored management strategies. The parameters considered include age, estimated glomerular fi

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ESC ICD Primary Prevention Criteria Algorithm

ESC ICD Primary Prevention Criteria: Explanation and Clinical Context The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2022 guidance on ventricular arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death supports the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for primary prevention in patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when the patient remains at persistently r

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ESC Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis Score Calculator

ESC Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis Score is a prognostic tool developed to assess the risk of severe outcomes in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis. This score incorporates five key clinical parameters: presence of active thymoma, cardiomyositis symptoms, low QRS voltage on ECG, left ventricular ej

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ESC MAGGIC (Heart Failure Long-Term Prognostic Model) Calculator

MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group In Chronic Heart Failure) — explanation and clinical context The MAGGIC prognostic model (Pocock et al., Eur Heart J 2013) was developed from individual-patient data pooled from 39,372 patients across 30 cohorts to predict mortality in chronic heart failure. It uses 13 routinely available clinical variables (age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LVEF, serum creatinine,

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ESC PE Risk Table (2020) Calculator

ESC Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Risk Table 2020: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC PE Risk Table 2020 is a validated tool used to stratify patients with acute pulmonary embolism according to 30-day mortality risk. The score is calculated using simple clinical parameters available at presentation: age >80 years, heart rate >110 bpm, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg, oxygen saturation <90%, and a history of cancer

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ESC Universal Heart Failure Algorithm (2023 Guideline Integration Tool)

This integration tool translates the 2023 focused update of the ESC heart failure guidance into a pragmatic bedside checklist and decision aid. It helps clinicians classify phenotype (HFrEF, HFmrEF, HFpEF), check haemodynamic and renal constraints, and assemble the core therapeutic package: ARNI/ACEi/ARB, beta-blocker, MRA, and SGLT2 inhibitors where indicated; use diuretics for congestion; consider specialist referr

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ESC-AI HF Readmission Prediction Tool

ESC–AI HF Readmission Prediction Tool: Explanation and clinical context This page implements a transparent prototype logistic model intended to estimate the probability of 30-day all-cause hospital readmission after an index heart failure admission, using routinely available discharge features (age, sex, prior admissions, length of stay, LVEF, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, BUN, sodium, and BNP when available).

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ESC-ERS 2022 Risk Table Calculator

ESC/ERS 2022 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Risk Table: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC/ERS 2022 Risk Table provides a multiparametric assessment model for estimating the 1-year mortality risk in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It integrates clinical, functional, biomarker, and hemodynamic data to categorize patients into Low (<5%), Intermediate (5–20%), or High (>20%) risk groups. Key

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ESC-HF Renal Dysfunction Algorithm Calculator

ESC-HF Renal Dysfunction Algorithm: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESC-HF Renal Dysfunction Algorithm is designed to stratify the risk of renal impairment in patients with heart failure. It incorporates age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), NYHA functional class, and comorbidities including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Risk scoring helps clinicians identify patients at low, intermediate, or h

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ESCAPE Hemodynamic Congestion Index (HCI) Calculator

ESCAPE Trial Hemodynamic Congestion Index: Rationale, clinical meaning, and evidence The Hemodynamic Congestion Index (HCI) implemented here is the simple sum of right atrial pressure (RAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP): HCI = RAP (mmHg) + PCWP (mmHg). This index was derived from analyses of the ESCAPE trial dataset and related secondary analyses that examined whether a single composite invasive press

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ESH Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator

ESH Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESH/ESC Cardiovascular Risk Stratification tool is designed to estimate the total cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients by integrating blood pressure grade, major risk factors (smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, age), subclinical organ damage, and established cardiovascular or renal disease. Patients are categorized into Low, Moderate,

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ESMO Anthracycline Risk Category Calculator

ESMO Anthracycline Risk Category: Explanation and Clinical Context The ESMO Anthracycline Risk Category is a stratification tool developed to assess the risk of cardiovascular toxicity in patients undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy. This tool considers factors such as age, sex, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, and cumulative anthracycline dose to categorize patients into low, moderate, or high-risk group

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Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS) Calculator

Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS) is a validated clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of recurrent stroke and major vascular events in patients who have experienced an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Developed from the CAPRIE and Essen Stroke Studies, it uses easily obtainable clinical variables to predict long-term vascular

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Estimated Average Glucose eAG Calculator

HbA1c percent Estimated Average Glucose eAG Explanation and Clinical Context Estimated Average Glucose represents a practical translation of HbA1c into a glucose value expressed in mg per dL which helps clinicians and patients understand long term glycemic exposure in a more intuitive format. The relationship between HbA1c and eAG was established through large population studies that correlated continuous glucose mon

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Estimated Maximum Heart Rate Based on Age

: Clinical Explanation and Context The estimated maximum heart rate is calculated using one of the simplest and most widely recognized formulas in cardiovascular physiology, which is the subtraction of age from the number two hundred twenty. This estimation represents the highest heart rate an individual can theoretically achieve during peak physical exertion. Although it does not directly measure the true maximal he

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EUROMACS Right Ventricular Failure (RHF) Risk Score Calculator

EUROMACS Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EUROMACS-RHF score is a validated preoperative model derived from the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) to predict early (≤30 days) severe right heart failure after continuous-flow LVAD implantation. It uses five key preoperative variables: RAP/PCWP ratio > 0.54, hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL, ≥

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Euroscore Calculator

EuroSCORE Calculator EuroSCORE: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation, or EuroSCORE, is a validated clinical tool designed to estimate operative mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It incorporates demographic factors, comorbidities, hemodynamic status, and specific cardiac or surgical risk features. The model was originally derived from

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EuroSCORE II (Perioperative Cardiac Morbidity Subscore Companion) Calculator

EuroSCORE II for Mortality and a Companion View for Morbidity EuroSCORE II is the contemporary, validated model for predicting in-hospital mortality after adult cardiac surgery. The logistic equation combines patient and operative variables such as age, comorbidities, renal function, LV function, pulmonary pressures, and surgical urgency. The calculator implements the exact logistic coefficients as published by Nashe

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EuroSCORE II (Valvular Surgery Mortality) Calculator

EuroSCORE II (Valvular Surgery Mortality): Explanation and Clinical Context EuroSCORE II is a widely validated risk model designed to estimate the probability of in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery, including valvular procedures. It incorporates patient-related factors (age, gender, renal function, extracardiac arteriopathy, mobility, previous cardiac surgery, chronic lung disease, active endocarditis, critic

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EVEREST HF Prognostic Algorithm (EVEREST Score) Calculator

EVEREST HF Prognostic Algorithm — explanation and context The EVEREST score is a 0–18 clinician-rated composite of six symptoms/signs of congestion: dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, jugular venous distension (JVD), rales, and pedal edema. Each item is graded 0–3 using the standardized EVEREST grading scale (0 = none; 1 = seldom or mild; 2 = moderate/frequent; 3 = continuous/marked or the numeric JVD/rales/edema threshold

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EWOLUTION Risk Model (Watchman Outcomes) Calculator

EWOLUTION Risk Model (Watchman Outcomes): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements the risk stratification described from the EWOLUTION registry of patients undergoing percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) with the Watchman device. In a patient-level analysis of 1,020 all-comers, six baseline variables independently predicted all-cause mortality at two years: older age,

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Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) Index Calculator

Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) Index: Explanation and Clinical Context Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) is characterized by cyclic fluctuations in ventilation during exercise, observed on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The EOV Index combines the severity of oscillations, exercise capacity (peak VO2), and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) to quantify the prognostic burden in heart failure

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Exercise Prescription Cardiac Safety Index (HR Zones + Meds) Calculator

Exercise Prescription Cardiac Safety Index (HR Zones + Meds): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides individualized heart rate training zones integrating medication effects and cardiac safety factors. It uses the heart rate reserve (HRR) formula when resting HR is available and adjusts predicted HRmax for patients on beta-blockers using the Brawner equation (HRmax ≈ 164 − 0.7×age), otherwise the Ta

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Exercise-Induced Hypertension Risk Index (EIHR Index) Calculator

Exercise-Induced Hypertension Risk Index (EIHR Index): Explanation and Clinical Context Exercise-Induced Hypertension (EIH) refers to an exaggerated increase in systolic blood pressure during graded exercise testing, typically defined as a peak systolic BP ≥210 mmHg in men or ≥190 mmHg in women. It reflects increased vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and an early marker of future sustained hypertension and

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Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV%) Calculator

: Explanation and Clinical Context Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV%) quantifies the proportion of myocardial tissue that is extracellular space, as derived from pre- and post-contrast T1 mapping in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). It reflects interstitial expansion caused by fibrosis, edema, or infiltration. The ECV is calculated using native and post-contrast myocardial and blood T1 values, adjusted for

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Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV) by MRI Calculator

Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV) by MRI: Explanation and Clinical Context Extracellular Volume Fraction (ECV) quantifies the proportion of the myocardial tissue that is extracellular space, providing a non-invasive estimate of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and infiltration. The calculation uses pre- and post-contrast T1 values of myocardium and blood, corrected for the patient's hematocrit: ECV = (1 - Hct) × (ΔR1_my

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e’ Average Calculator

e' Average: Explanation and Clinical Context The e prime average value represents the combined early diastolic mitral annular velocity obtained from the lateral and septal annulus using tissue Doppler imaging. This index provides a quantitative assessment of myocardial relaxation, which is a key determinant of left ventricular diastolic function. Because the lateral annulus typically exhibits higher velocities and th

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FAST Score (PE Right Ventricle Strain) Calculator

FAST Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The FAST Score (Focused Assessment of Right Heart Strain in Pulmonary Embolism) is a simple risk stratification tool to assess the probability of adverse outcomes in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) exhibiting right ventricular (RV) strain. It assigns 1 point for each of the following: heart rate > 100 bpm, hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg), and e

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Fast-Track Extubation Eligibility Score (Cardiac Surgery)

Use this tool to estimate readiness for early or operating-room extubation after adult cardiac surgery. It combines evidence-informed bedside criteria (hemodynamics, gas exchange, bleeding, neurological status) with perioperative predictors reported in the literature to categorize eligibility as Eligible now, Borderline—optimize, or Not eligible now. Fast-Track Extubation (Cardiac Surgery): Explanation and Clinical C

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Ferritin-Transferrin Saturation Ratio (Iron Deficiency HF) Calculator

Ferritin–Transferrin Saturation Ratio (Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure): Explanation and Clinical Context The Ferritin–Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) ratio is a widely used laboratory tool to assess iron status in patients with heart failure. Ferritin reflects iron storage, whereas TSAT reflects circulating iron availability. Iron deficiency is highly prevalent in heart failure and is associated with impaired functio

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Ferritin-Transferrin Saturation Ratio (Iron Deficiency HF) Calculator

Ferritin–Transferrin Saturation Ratio (Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure): Explanation and Clinical Context The Ferritin–Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) ratio is a widely used laboratory tool to assess iron status in patients with heart failure. Ferritin reflects iron storage, whereas TSAT reflects circulating iron availability. Iron deficiency is highly prevalent in heart failure and is associated with impaired functio

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FIB-4 in Cardiac Cirrhosis Calculator

FIB-4 in Cardiac Cirrhosis: Explanation and Clinical Context FIB-4 is a non-invasive scoring system originally validated for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease and has been adapted for cardiac cirrhosis to estimate fibrosis severity. It uses age, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and platelet count as variables. Lower scores (<1.45) indicate low risk of adv

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FIB-4 Score Calculator (for NAFLD-related CV risk)

FIB-4 Score (for NAFLD-related CV risk): Explanation and Clinical Context The FIB-4 score is a non-invasive scoring system used to estimate liver fibrosis, particularly in patients with NAFLD. It is calculated using age, AST, ALT, and platelet count. It helps identify patients at low, intermediate, or high risk of advanced liver fibrosis, which has implications for cardiovascular risk stratification, as advanced fibr

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Fick Cardiac Output Calculator

Explanation and Clinical Context The Fick principle is one of the most fundamental physiological methods used to determine cardiac output. This calculation is based on the relationship between oxygen consumption and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference. The method assumes that the uptake or release of oxygen by the tissues is equal to the product of blood flow and the arteriovenous oxygen difference. In clinic

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FINGER-HF Prognostic Tool

: Explanation and Clinical Context The FINGER-HF Prognostic Tool is designed to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes (such as mortality or heart-failure hospitalization) in patients with chronic heart failure by integrating demographic, haemodynamic, renal, biomarker and ventricular function parameters. It uses commonly available clinical variables — for example age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, NT-proBNP, s

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FiO2 Estimation & Oxygen Correction Calculator

FiO2 Estimation Calculator: Clinical explanation and context This calculator implements the original formulas provided in this tool template. The formulas are preserved as they were supplied. Users should be aware that some formulas in this tool do not match conventional physiologic equations for alveolar oxygen calculation or for alveolar arterial oxygen gradient. The following text provides clinical context and ref