1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
Device Infection Risk (PADIT Score): Explanation and Clinical Context The PADIT score is a validated risk stratification tool for predicting the risk of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. It incorporates five variables: number of prior CIED procedures, patient age, immunocompromised status, device type, and procedure type. Each factor is assigned a weight based on its independent association with
Device Safety in Contact Sports Index (ICD/Pacemaker Risks): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator provides a pragmatic, literature-informed risk index to support shared decision-making for athletes with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)—including transvenous ICDs, subcutaneous ICDs (S-ICDs), transvenous pacemakers, and leadless pacemakers—who wish to participate in sports with varying levels
Diabetes-CVD Interaction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context This index is a proposed composite metric designed to reflect the synergistic effect of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients. Key input variables include age, gender, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control (HbA1c), prior cardiovascular history and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The underlying rationale is th
DIAL2 Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DIAL2 (Diabetes Lifespan) model estimates the lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD-free life expectancy in individuals with type 2 diabetes without prior CVD history. Developed using data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, the model incorporates factors such as age, sex, smoking status, BMI, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and LDL cholestero
Dialysis Adequacy and Dose Index Explanation and Clinical Context Dialysis adequacy is commonly quantified using two complementary measures. The urea reduction ratio is the percent reduction in blood urea concentration during a single hemodialysis session and offers a simple quality control metric. Single pool KtV from the Daugirdas second generation formula provides an estimate of dialysis dose accounting for treatm
Dialysis Need Prediction Score (HF + AKI): Explanation and Clinical Context This prediction model estimates the likelihood of requiring dialysis in patients with acute heart failure complicated by acute kidney injury. It incorporates clinical variables such as age, serum creatinine, heart rate, blood urea nitrogen, and albuminuria. The model has been validated for its accuracy and reliability in predicting dialysis n
Digital Health Adherence Impact Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Digital Health Adherence Impact Index (DHAII) is a composite metric designed to quantify the expected clinical benefit of adherence to prescribed medications combined with engagement in remote monitoring programs. It is calculated using weighted contributions from medication adherence (typically 60%) and remote monitoring engagement (typicall
Diuretic Efficiency Index (DEI): Explanation and Clinical Context Diuretic Efficiency Index (DEI) quantifies the effectiveness of loop diuretics by relating the change in patient weight (ΔWeight, representing fluid loss) to the administered diuretic dose (furosemide equivalent in mg). It is primarily used in patients with acute decompensated heart failure to assess diuretic response and guide therapy adjustments. A h
Diving Fitness Cardiac Clearance Score: Explanation and Clinical Context This scoring tool aims to support clinicians in assessing cardiovascular fitness for diving in recreational or occupational settings. It incorporates key parameters known to influence cardiovascular event risk (age, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, exercise tolerance, and known coronary artery disease) in the diving environment. Imme
Measured DLCO Predicted DLCO DLCO Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide Explanation and Clinical Context DLCO describes the ability of the lungs to transfer carbon monoxide from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood and is one of the most sensitive indicators of gas exchange function. A normal DLCO reflects adequate alveolar surface area, intact alveolar capillary membrane, and sufficient pulmonary blood vo
DRAGON Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The DRAGON Score is a validated clinical tool designed to predict the likelihood of poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3–6) at 3 months in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis. It incorporates six key predictors: Dense Artery sign on imaging, pre-stroke functional status (mRS), age, admission blood glucose, onset-to-treatm
Volume to Infuse (mL) Infusion Time (minutes) Drop Factor (gtt/mL) Drops Per Minute Infusion Calculator Clinical Explanation and Reference This calculator determines the required drip rate for manual intravenous infusion therapy. Drops per minute is influenced by three primary variables which are total volume to be delivered in milliliters, infusion duration in minutes, and drop factor of the infusion set expressed i
Calculator mode This tool supports two peer-reviewed approaches: 1) CTEPH segmental scoring (Abozeed et al., 2022): Perfusion Defect (PD) Score = number of segmental perfusion defects (0–18). Optional “Combined Score” adds clot-burden points (anatomic thrombus load) for stronger correlation with hemodynamics. 2) Perfusion Defect Percentage (Kim et al., 2014): Mean extent of perfusion defect across three coronal plane
Duke Activity Status Index (DASI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) is a self-administered questionnaire designed to estimate a patient's functional capacity in metabolic equivalents (METs) based on their ability to perform common daily activities. The total score ranges from 0 to 58.2 points, with higher scores indicating better functional capacity and lower cardiovascular risk.
Duke Activity Status Index Explanation and Clinical Context The Duke Activity Status Index is a validated self administered questionnaire used to estimate functional capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness by quantifying a patient's ability to perform common daily and recreational activities. The total score represents a surrogate measure of maximal oxygen consumption which correlates strongly with peak VO2 measured d
: Explanation and Clinical Context The Modified Duke Criteria is a widely accepted clinical tool for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE) based on a combination of major and minor criteria. Major criteria include positive blood cultures and evidence of endocardial involvement via echocardiography. Minor criteria include predisposing heart conditions or IV drug use, fever >38°C, vascular phenomena (e.g., arterial em
Duke Treadmill Score with Bruce Protocol: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Duke Treadmill Score is an established tool that integrates exercise duration, the magnitude of ST segment deviation, and the presence of angina during exercise to estimate the probability of significant coronary artery disease and long term survival. The score was developed to combine exercise capacity and ischemic burden in
The audited source currently returns an empty page. This catalog entry is retained for coverage and monitoring, but no clinical content or calculation is asserted.
Explanation — (imaging-based) This tool implements an imaging-based composite risk index developed to stratify patients with dystrophin-associated cardiomyopathy (principally Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD) by combining the timing and severity of left ventricular dysfunction with the timing and severity of myocardial fibrosis detected by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The ind
E-CPET Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The E-CPET Score integrates cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters with echocardiographic findings to assess the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). It combines peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak), ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO₂ slope), right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and patient age to provide a comprehensive
E/A Ratio Grading (Diastolic Function): Explanation and Clinical Context The E/A ratio is obtained from Doppler echocardiography by dividing the peak early (E) mitral inflow velocity by the peak atrial (A) contraction velocity. It is a cornerstone for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function. Grade I (E/A < 0.8) represents impaired relaxation, commonly seen in early diastolic dysfunction and aging. Grade II (E/
E over e Ratio: Clinical Explanation and Interpretation The E over e ratio provides an indirect estimation of left ventricular filling pressures by combining transmitral inflow velocity with myocardial relaxation velocity measured through tissue Doppler imaging. The early transmitral flow velocity rises when left atrial pressure increases, while the e prime velocity decreases when myocardial relaxation is impaired. T
E/e' Ratio: Explanation and Clinical Context The E over e prime ratio is one of the most widely used echocardiographic indices to estimate left ventricular filling pressure. The E wave represents early diastolic transmitral flow velocity which increases when the left atrial pressure rises. The e prime velocity is measured at the mitral annulus and reflects the intrinsic rate of myocardial relaxation. Since e prime de
Early Graft Failure Risk (post-CABG): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability of early saphenous vein graft (SVG) occlusion within 12 months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using the SAFINOUS model (Antonopoulos et al., JTCVS 2020). It incorporates patient factors (age, sex, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, serum creatinine), operative details (endoscopic vein harvestin
EASE Score (Early Surgery Benefit in Infective Endocarditis): Explanation and Clinical Context The EASE Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the potential benefit of early surgical intervention in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). It incorporates age, the presence of Staphylococcus aureus infection, severe heart failure (NYHA class III-IV), and the size of valvular vegetations. The score assigns poi
Echo Dyssynchrony Index (Ts-SD 12 LV): Explanation and Clinical Context The Echo Dyssynchrony Index, calculated as the standard deviation of time to peak systolic velocity (Ts) across 12 left ventricular segments using tissue Doppler imaging, is a validated measure to quantify mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with heart failure. It was originally described by Yu et al. (2004) and has been used to predict response
Echocardiographic PH Probability Algorithm (TTE-based): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator applies the 2022 ESC/ERS transthoracic echocardiographic algorithm for pulmonary hypertension (PH). It integrates the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) with secondary echocardiographic signs grouped into three categories (A, B, and C). A TRV > 3.4 m/s alone indicates a high probability of PH. When TRV is
Explanation and Clinical Context Echocardiography hemodynamics integrates Doppler derived flow, structural measurements, and chamber velocities to estimate stroke volume, cardiac output, filling pressure, and right atrial pressure. LVOT VTI with a measured LVOT diameter yields stroke volume using the continuity principle. Inferior vena cava size and respiratory variation provide an estimate of right atrial pressure a
EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EchoCRT Non-response Risk Score was developed from the EchoCRT trial population to predict the likelihood of non-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The model integrates clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters to stratify patients based on the probability of failing to show symptomatic or reverse remodeling
ECMOnet Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ECMOnet score is a tool for evaluating the appropriateness and timing of veno-venous (VV) ECMO in acute lung failure. It incorporates clinical parameters such as age, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, APACHE II score, platelet count, and PaCO₂ levels to assess the severity of illness and predict outcomes. Higher scores indicate a lower likelihood of survival and may suggest the need
ECV% Threshold Index (Amyloid Detection): Explanation and Clinical Context Extracellular Volume (ECV) quantification by cardiac MRI provides a non-invasive measure of myocardial amyloid infiltration. Elevated ECV% indicates expansion of the extracellular matrix, commonly due to amyloid fibril deposition. ECV > 40% is strongly suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis, while values between 30–39% indicate intermediate probabi
Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) is a validated tool designed to quickly screen frailty in older adults, assessing multiple domains including cognition, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication use, nutrition, mood, continence, and functional performance. Scores range from 0 to 17, with higher scores indicating greater fr
EFFECT Heart Failure Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EFFECT Heart Failure Mortality Score (Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment) is a validated risk stratification tool developed from a large Canadian cohort to estimate 30-day mortality among patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. The model incorporates clinical and laboratory variables easily obtained at admis
EFFECT Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The EFFECT Risk Score is a validated clinical tool developed to predict in-hospital and 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It incorporates key clinical variables including age, systolic blood pressure, serum sodium, serum creatinine, history of heart failure, and presence of diabetes. Each variable is assigned po
Effusion Recurrence Index (ERI): rationale, use and limitations The Effusion Recurrence Index (ERI) presented here is a practical, literature-derived point score intended to estimate the risk that a clinically significant pericardial (or pleural) effusion will recur after index drainage or medical management. In multiple series, the presence of malignancy and positive cytology are the most consistent predictors of ea
The audited source currently returns an empty page. This catalog entry is retained for coverage and monitoring, but no clinical content or calculation is asserted.
EHMRG (Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade): Explanation and Clinical Context EHMRG is a validated risk scoring tool developed to predict short-term mortality (typically 7-day) in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute decompensated heart failure. It incorporates readily available clinical and laboratory variables including age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, seru
EHR–AF Recurrence Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The EHR–AF Recurrence Model is a predictive tool designed to assess the risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence following catheter ablation. It incorporates clinical parameters such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), albumin levels, lymphocyte count, left atrial diameter (LAD), and the presence of non-paroxysmal atrial fi
EHR–AI Heart Failure Onset Predictor — Prototype Explanation and Clinical Context This page implements a transparent, explainable prototype risk-index (0–100) that combines common, routinely recorded EHR variables (age, sex, BMI, systolic BP, heart rate, hypertension, diabetes, coronary disease, atrial fibrillation, renal function, smoking and optional natriuretic peptide level). The index is computed as a weighted s
EHRA Bleeding Risk Index (Ablation): Explanation and Clinical Context The EHRA Bleeding Risk Index is a validated scoring system designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. It integrates clinical variables such as advanced age, prior major bleeding, renal dysfunction, liver disease, use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, and hypertension. Pa
EHRA Symptom Score (AF Severity Class): Explanation and Clinical Context The EHRA (European Heart Rhythm Association) symptom score is a standardized tool to quantify the severity of symptoms in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It categorizes patients based on the impact of AF-related symptoms on daily activities. The score ranges from EHRA I (asymptomatic) to EHRA IV (disabling symptoms), allowing clinicians
Eisenmenger Functional Class: Explanation and Clinical Context The Eisenmenger Functional Class is a clinically derived risk stratification system used for patients with Eisenmenger syndrome to estimate functional limitation and prognosis. It incorporates symptoms (NYHA class), oxygen saturation at rest, and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) to predict exercise capacity and clinical outcomes. Class I corresponds to patie
Eisenmenger Pediatric Transition Index (EPTI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Eisenmenger Pediatric Transition Index (EPTI) is a composite score designed to estimate the risk of adverse events during the transition from pediatric to adult care in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. It incorporates four clinical parameters: age, oxygen saturation, hematocrit, and NYHA functional class. Lower oxygen saturation, h
Eisenmenger Pregnancy Mortality Index (EPMI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Eisenmenger Pregnancy Mortality Index (EPMI) is a validated tool designed to estimate the risk of maternal mortality in pregnant women with Eisenmenger syndrome. It incorporates simple clinical and laboratory parameters readily available in routine care: NYHA functional class, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin level, and platelet count. Ea
About This Calculator Ejection Fraction (EF) menggambarkan persentase darah yang dipompa ventrikel kiri setiap siklus. Perhitungan ini menggunakan rumus: EF = (SV / EDV) × 100. Pada konteks klinis, EF menjadi salah satu indikator utama fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri. Nilai ≥ 50% dianggap normal, 40–49% menunjukkan mild LV dysfunction, dan < 40% mengarah pada reduced EF yang sering terkait dengan heart failure dengan
EJECTION-HF — LVEF Recovery Index (Prototype): explanation and context Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) recovery after an episode of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is an important clinical outcome with implications for prognosis and management. Multiple observational studies and systematic reviews show that several features are repeatedly associated with a greater probability of LVEF im
Explanation and Clinical Context The European Kidney Function Consortium equation is a contemporary and validated approach for estimating glomerular filtration rate across broad age ranges. The equation improves accuracy by using a population based reference serum creatinine distribution that reduces bias commonly seen in previous formulas. It is applicable to adult and adolescent patients and provides an estimation
ELECTRa Registry Mortality Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ELECTRa Registry Mortality Score, also known as the EROS (ELECTRa Registry Outcome Score), is a risk stratification tool developed to predict the likelihood of major adverse events (MAEs) and mortality in patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction (TLE). It incorporates clinical variables such as age, gender, left ventricular ejection fractio
ELECTRa-SCORE (Lead Extraction): Explanation and Clinical Context ELECTRa-SCORE is a validated scoring system developed to estimate the risk of major complications during transvenous lead extraction (TLE). It is based on data from the European Lead Extraction ConTRolled (ELECTRa) Registry, the largest prospective TLE registry in Europe. The score is calculated from clinical variables including age, lead dwell time, n
Embolic Risk Score (Infective Endocarditis): Explanation and Clinical Context The Embolic Risk Score is a validated tool used to estimate the likelihood of systemic embolism in patients with infective endocarditis. It is based on six clinical variables: age > 70 years, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, previous embolic events, vegetation length > 10 mm, and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Each positive variabl
Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade (EHMRG): explanation and clinical context The EHMRG is a point-based prognostic model designed to estimate short-term (7-day, and extended 30-day) mortality for patients who present to the emergency department with acute heart failure. It uses data available at ED presentation (age; mode of arrival by EMS; systolic blood pressure; heart rate; peripheral oxygen saturation;
EMPA-REG HF Event Reduction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, randomized to Empagliflozin or placebo, and demonstrated a 35 % relative risk reduction in hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) with empagliflozin. This calculator uses a user-entered estimate of baseline annual risk o
— Explanation and Clinical Context This tool is an approximate, transparent calculator that estimates the expected absolute benefit (absolute risk reduction and number-needed-to-treat) from empagliflozin for the EMPEROR-Preserved primary composite outcome (cardiovascular death or first hospitalization for heart failure) over a follow-up period consistent with the trial (median 26.2 months). The EMPEROR-Preserved rand
: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPHASIS-HF Mortality Reduction Index is designed to estimate the potential benefit of eplerenone in reducing all-cause mortality among patients with mild to moderate symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), as studied in the EMPHASIS-HF trial. The EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And Survival Study in Heart Failure) trial demonst
: Explanation and Clinical Context The EMPULSE Response Predictor estimates the likelihood of a favorable clinical outcome with empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure, based on findings from the EMPULSE trial. The trial demonstrated that empagliflozin, initiated in-hospital (median 3 days post-admission), led to significantly higher rates of clinical benefit at 90 days compared to placebo, acr
: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the probability that an endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) will provide a specific histopathologic or immunohistochemical diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. Diagnostic yield in contemporary cohorts averages around 50–55%, depending on timing, imaging, sampling site, and targeting method. Clinical interpretation Early biopsy (≤14 days), po
Endothelial Dysfunction Post-COVID Index (Explanation and Clinical Context) This calculator combines validated indices of endothelial stress and an exploratory composite to contextualize post-COVID vascular dysfunction. EASIX = LDH × Creatinine / Platelets — initially validated in hematologic and COVID-19 populations. Higher EASIX correlates with worse endothelial activation and outcomes. Age-adjusted EASIX (aEASIX-C
ENDOVAL Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ENDOVAL score is a prognostic tool developed to assess in-hospital mortality risk in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (LSIE) undergoing valve surgery. It incorporates various clinical and microbiological factors to stratify patients into different risk categories, aiding clinicians in decision-making processes regarding surgical interventions.
Endurance Athlete Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context Endurance athletes, particularly those engaged in long-term high-volume aerobic training, have an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with the general population. The pathophysiology involves atrial remodeling due to chronic volume overload, elevated vagal tone, and atrial fibrosis. The Endurance Athlete AF R
ENGAGE AF–TIMI 48 HF Subscore: Background, meaning and references The ENGAGE AF–TIMI 48 randomized trial (edoxaban vs warfarin) enrolled over 21,000 patients with atrial fibrillation. A prespecified analysis examined clinical predictors of a composite endpoint of heart-failure hospitalization, death due to heart failure, or sudden cardiac death among patients without a prior history of heart failure. Multivariable Co