1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
: Explanation and Clinical Context This predictive model estimates the risk of peri-procedural and short-term complications in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) via either cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation, based on demographic, anatomical and procedural variables. It aims to guide clinicians in pre-procedure risk stratification and informed consent discussions. Definition: A logistic regression
FITT Compliance Index (Rehab Adherence): Explanation and Clinical Context The FITT Compliance Index is a quantitative measure of adherence to prescribed exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs. It evaluates four key dimensions of exercise prescription: Frequency (number of sessions per week), Intensity (effort level on a 1-10 scale), Time (duration of each session in minutes), and Type (mode of exercise, e.g.,
FLACC Pain Scale for Infants Assessment FLACC Pain Scale for Infants Explanation and Clinical Context FLACC Pain Scale is a behavioral tool designed to assess pain in infants and young children who cannot verbalize their discomfort. It evaluates five observable domains which include Face Legs Activity Cry and Consolability with each category scored from zero to two resulting in a total score range from zero to ten. H
: Explanation and Clinical Context Influenza vaccination has a significant role in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially among elderly individuals and those with established cardiovascular disease (CVD). Viral infections, particularly influenza, can precipitate acute coronary syndromes, decompensated heart failure, and arrhythmias through mechanisms of systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunct
Explanation and Clinical Context Fluid maintenance requirement determines the physiological daily fluid needs for patients considering metabolic water losses. Clinicians commonly use the four two one formula where the first ten kilogram of body weight receives four mL per kg per hour the next ten kilogram receives two mL per kg per hour and the remaining weight receives one mL per kg per hour. This formula assists in
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Fontaine Classification (PAD Severity): Explanation and Clinical Context The Fontaine Classification is a widely used system to assess the severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD) based on clinical presentation of the lower extremities. It stratifies patients into four stages: Stage I (Asymptomatic): Patients have arterial narrowing without symptoms; often detected via ABI or imaging. Stage II (Intermittent Claudi
Fontan Failure Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Fontan Failure Index aims to integrate hemodynamic burden (e.g. elevated central venous pressure, reduced cardiac index) and hepatic injury (represented by liver stiffness by elastography and thrombocytopenia as marker of portal hypertension) to stratify risk of clinical Fontan failure. A higher score suggests greater circulatory stress and end‑organ (hepatic
Fontan Adult Brompton (FAB) Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The FAB score is a clinical tool developed to predict the risk of mortality or need for heart transplantation in adult patients with Fontan circulation. It incorporates six clinical variables: age at first adult visit, history of atrial tachyarrhythmia, history of heart failure, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, systolic blood press
Fontan Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Fontan Risk Score is a clinical tool developed to predict early mortality risk for patients undergoing the Fontan procedure, both pre- and post-operatively. It incorporates key variables such as age at Fontan, preoperative oxygen saturation, ventricular dysfunction, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and history of arrhythmia. Each risk factor is assigned a w
FPHN Prognostic Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The FPHN Prognostic Index is a scoring system developed to assess the risk of mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It incorporates clinical parameters such as age, cardiac index, 6-minute walk distance, NT-proBNP levels, hemoglobin concentration, and right atrial pressure. A higher score indicates a higher risk of mortality, aiding c
Fractional Excretion of Sodium FeNa Explanation and Clinical Context Fractional excretion of sodium FeNa quantifies the percentage of filtered sodium that is ultimately excreted in urine using simultaneously obtained urine and plasma measurements. The formula is FeNa equals Una times Pcr divided by Pna times Ucr all multiplied by one hundred to yield a percentage. FeNa is commonly used to help distinguish reduced ren
Fractional Excretion of Urea FeUrea Explanation and Clinical Context Fractional Excretion of Urea FeUrea estimates the percentage of filtered urea that is excreted in urine. The calculation uses urine urea concentration serum urea concentration urine creatinine concentration and serum creatinine concentration. The formula is FeUrea equals Uurea times Scr divided by Surea times Ucr multiplied by 100 percent. FeUrea co
Fragmented QRS (fQRS) Index: Explanation and Clinical Context Fragmented QRS (fQRS) refers to additional R waves (R’) or notching in the nadir of the S wave in contiguous ECG leads, representing myocardial conduction delay due to fibrosis or scarring. The fQRS Index is calculated as the number of ECG leads showing fQRS divided by the total number of leads (usually 12-lead ECG), providing a quantitative measure of myo
Frailty–AVR Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Frailty–AVR Score is a clinical tool developed to assess frailty in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR), including transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). It incorporates factors such as age, serum albumin levels, body mass index (BMI), functional status (measured by the Katz Activities of Daily Living scale), and mobility (assessed via th
Framingham BMI Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The Framingham BMI Model estimates the 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) using readily available clinical parameters including age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, smoking status, and BMI. Unlike lipid-based models, BMI is used as a substitute for direct lipid measurements in some versions. The model calcula
Framingham Lipid Risk Subscore: Explanation and Clinical Context The Framingham Lipid Risk Subscore estimates 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) using the lipid-based model, combining age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and smoking. It originates from the Framingham Heart Study and the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines, which provide both point-based and regression-based ri
The audited source currently returns an empty page. This catalog entry is retained for coverage and monitoring, but no clinical content or calculation is asserted.
The audited source currently returns an empty page. This catalog entry is retained for coverage and monitoring, but no clinical content or calculation is asserted.
Fried Frailty Phenotype: Explanation and Clinical Context The Fried Frailty Phenotype, developed by Fried et al. in 2001, is a widely used clinical tool to assess frailty in older adults. It consists of five components: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness (walking speed), and weakness (grip strength). Each positive criterion scores 1 point, with a total score ranging f
Full Pulmonary Function Test Interpretation Explanation and Clinical Context Pulmonary function testing provides an integrated view of airway physiology. It assesses airflow mechanics lung volume distribution and gas transfer efficiency. Each component reflects a different dimension of cardiopulmonary function and supports a structured evaluation of respiratory disorders. The FEV1 FVC ratio helps identify obstruction
Transfer Score Gait Score Balance Score Endurance Score Functional Mobility Outcome Scale Explanation and Clinical Context The Functional Mobility Outcome Scale is a structured clinical tool used to evaluate patient mobility through four essential components which are transfer ability gait performance balance stability and endurance capacity. Each component reflects a core domain of physical function and allows clini
Furosemide Response Index (FRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Furosemide Response Index (FRI) is a clinical tool designed to quantify the early response of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) to intravenous loop diuretics. It is calculated as the urine output (mL/hour) divided by the administered loop diuretic dose (mg/day). FRI allows clinicians to identify patients with poor diuretic resp
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Item Scale GAD 7 GAD 7 Anxiety Score Explanation and Clinical Context The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 item scale is a validated screening instrument that measures the severity of generalized anxiety symptoms in clinical and community populations. Each item reflects a core dimension of anxiety including worry hyperarousal restlessness and difficulty relaxing. The scoring system ranges
Gail Breast Cancer Risk Model Explanation and Clinical Context The Gail Breast Cancer Risk Model is a validated clinical tool developed to estimate the probability that a woman will develop invasive breast cancer over a defined period, usually five years and over a lifetime until age ninety. The model incorporates epidemiologic risk variables including current age, age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of
Gait and Handgrip Strength Index (GHSI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Gait and Handgrip Strength Index (GHSI) combines gait speed (m/s) and handgrip strength (kg) as an integrated measure of physical performance and frailty in older adults and patients with cardiovascular disease. Gait speed reflects overall mobility, functional capacity, and cardiovascular reserve, while handgrip strength reflects upper-body
Gait Nutritional Risk Index (NRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) is a validated scoring system developed by Buzby et al. (1988) to assess the risk of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. It is calculated using the formula: NRI = (1.519 × serum albumin [g/dL]) + (41.7 × (current weight / usual weight)). Higher NRI values indicate better nutritional status, while lower values indic
Gait Speed Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The Gait Speed Index measures the average walking speed of an individual, calculated as the distance walked (in meters) divided by the time taken (in seconds), expressed in meters per second (m/s). It is a simple, validated measure of functional status and physical performance, particularly in older adults and patients with cardiovascular or frailty conditions. Slowe
Galectin-3 Tertile Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context Galectin-3 is a biomarker associated with myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, and adverse remodeling in patients with heart failure. This risk model stratifies patients into tertiles based on circulating Galectin-3 levels to predict prognosis and risk of morbidity and mortality. Tertile 1 represents low risk (<14.1 ng/mL), Tertile 2 represents intermediat
GARFIELD-AF Mortality Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The GARFIELD-AF Mortality Risk Model is a validated predictive tool derived from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) registry. It estimates the 1-year all-cause mortality risk in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation based on age, sex, comorbidities (heart failure, vascular disease, diabetes, pr
GARFIELD-AF Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The GARFIELD-AF Risk Model is a validated clinical tool derived from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation, which captures real-world data on patients with atrial fibrillation worldwide. This model provides individualized predictions for three critical outcomes: ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, major bleeding, and all-cause mortal
GDF-15 Risk Index for Heart Failure Outcomes: Explanation and Clinical Context The GDF-15 Risk Index is a biomarker-based tool to estimate prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. It combines circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), age, NT-proBNP, and NYHA functional class to stratify patients by risk of adverse outcomes including mortality and HF hospitalization. Higher GDF-15 value
The audited source currently returns an empty page. This catalog entry is retained for coverage and monitoring, but no clinical content or calculation is asserted.
: explanation and clinical context This prototype score combines genetic test results (presence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in well-established aortic disease genes) with clinical risk features (family history, connective tissue disorder, bicuspid aortic valve, hypertension, smoking, age, and sex) to produce a single numeric value that stratifies risk into Low, Moderate, High, and Very high categories. G
Genetic Risk Score (GRS13) for Lipid Disorders: Explanation and Clinical Context The GRS13 is a polygenic risk score calculated from 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with lipid abnormalities, including elevated LDL-C, low HDL-C, and hypertriglyceridemia. Each SNP contributes to the score based on the number of risk alleles (0,1,2) and their effect sizes derived from genome-wide association studies
Revised Geneva Score for Pulmonary Embolism Explanation and Clinical Context The Revised Geneva Score is an objective clinical prediction rule that estimates the probability of pulmonary embolism using only objective clinical variables. It assigns points for age 65 or older previous deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism recent surgery or fracture active malignancy unilateral lower limb pain hemoptysis signs of d
About Gensini Score: The Gensini Score is a quantitative angiographic tool used to assess the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). It considers both the degree of luminal narrowing and the importance of the lesion's location in the coronary tree. Each degree of stenosis (1–25% = 1 point; 26–50% = 2; 51–75% = 4; 76–90% = 8; 91–99% = 16; 100% = 32) is multiplied by a weighting factor based on the anatomic segment
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI): Explanation and Clinical Context GNRI is a simple and validated tool designed to assess the nutritional risk in elderly patients. It combines serum albumin levels and the ratio of actual to ideal body weight to predict the risk of nutrition-related complications and mortality. The original formula by Bouillanne et al. (2005) is: GNRI = (1.489 × serum albumin [g/L]) + (41.7 × (
Explanation and Clinical Context Gestational age is the estimation of fetal age counted from the first day of the last menstrual period. This method is widely used in obstetric practice as a standard approach to determine fetal maturity level, monitor fetal development, schedule antenatal visits, and plan delivery timing. The calculation describes pregnancy progress in weeks and days which provides a clinically impor
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Mortality Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Risk Score is a validated tool developed from the American Heart Association's national registry to predict in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It incorporates seven readily available clinical variables at the time of hospital admission: age, systolic
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Rehospitalization Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Rehospitalization Risk Score was developed from a large national registry to estimate the likelihood of 30-day readmission after discharge for patients hospitalized with heart failure. It integrates key clinical parameters available at admission and discharge, including age, blood pressure, heart
Get With The Guidelines�Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context GWTG-HF Risk Score is a validated tool to estimate in-hospital mortality risk for patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure. It uses simple clinical variables available at hospital admission, including age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum sodium, blood urea nitrogen, COPD status, and race. The total
GFR Decline Rate (%/year): Explanation and Clinical Context The GFR Decline Rate quantifies the annualized percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time. It is calculated as: ((Follow-up eGFR – Baseline eGFR) / Baseline eGFR) / Time interval in years × 100. This metric is crucial for identifying patients at risk of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). A decline rate >5% per year is t
Gillmore Staging (ATTR Amyloidosis): Explanation and Clinical Context Gillmore staging is a validated system to stratify prognosis in patients with transthyretin (ATTR) cardiac amyloidosis, using serum NT-proBNP and renal function (eGFR) as key predictors. Stage 1 corresponds to NT-proBNP < 3000 ng/L and eGFR > 45 mL/min/1.73m², indicating the lowest risk group. Stage 2 includes patients who meet only one of the abov
Glasgow Coma Scale Assessment Explanation and Clinical Context Glasgow Coma Scale is a standardized scale for assessing level of consciousness in acute brain injury and other conditions affecting consciousness. It comprises three components eye response verbal response and motor response with item scores summed to yield a total score from 3 to 15. Eye response ranges from 1 to 4 with higher value indicating better sp
: Explanation & Clinical Context This model estimates the probability of having a complicated Glenn procedure (cGP) after a bidirectional Glenn operation. The cGP concept is derived from Khaira et al (2023), where they defined a composite endpoint of mortality or significant postoperative complications by 2 years. In their multivariable analysis, higher inotrope score on postoperative day 1 (HR ≈ 1.04 per unit) and u
GLOBAL LEADERS HF Subscore: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLOBAL LEADERS HF Subscore is intended as a prognostic tool to estimate the risk of adverse outcomes (such as mortality or heart-failure hospitalisation) in patients with chronic heart failure. It incorporates key clinical and biomarker variables (such as age, left-ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP level, presence of chronic kidney disease, and r
Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS): Explanation and Clinical Context Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) by speckle-tracking echocardiography measures the percentage deformation (shortening) of the left ventricular myocardium in the longitudinal direction during systole. GLS is reported as a negative percentage (for example, −20% represents greater shortening than −15%) and is a sensitive measure of longitudinal systolic
Global Longitudinal Strain Early Change Index (GLS-ECI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Global Longitudinal Strain Early Change Index (GLS-ECI) is a sensitive echocardiographic measure used to detect early myocardial dysfunction before overt changes in left ventricular ejection fraction occur. It is calculated as the percentage change between baseline GLS and follow-up GLS: GLS-ECI (%) = (Follow-up GLS − Baseli
: Explanation and Clinical Context The GLOBAL-LEADERS trial was an open‐label, all‐comers randomized study of 1 month of aspirin + ticagrelor followed by 23 months of ticagrelor monotherapy vs 12 months of DAPT followed by 12 months of aspirin in patients undergoing PCI with a biolimus‐eluting stent. The primary outcome (all-cause mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction) did not reach statistical superiority. Se
: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Globorisk model estimates the 10-year probability of developing a major cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death) based on easily available clinical factors such as age, sex, blood pressure, total cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes. It is designed to be adaptable for various countries by calibrating local incidence rates a
The audited source currently returns an empty page. This catalog entry is retained for coverage and monitoring, but no clinical content or calculation is asserted.
Goldenberg Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Goldenberg Risk Score is designed to predict mortality and appropriate ICD interventions in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF < 35%). It incorporates five independent predictors: age > 70 years, NYHA class III–IV, QRS duration > 120 ms, presence of atrial fibrillation (AF), and elevated blood urea nitr
GRACE 2.0 Risk Calculator for Acute Coronary Syndromes: Explanation and Clinical Context The GRACE risk model is a guideline supported prognostic tool for patients with acute coronary syndromes and is recommended in the 2025 American guideline on acute coronary syndromes to support risk assessment and to inform the choice and timing of an invasive strategy, especially in patients with non ST elevation acute coronary
GRACE Score: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) Score is a validated risk assessment tool designed to predict mortality in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). It integrates eight clinical variables-age, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, Killip class, ST-segment deviation, cardiac arrest on admission, and cardiac enzyme elev
Gubner–Ungerleider Index — explanation and clinical context The Gubner–Ungerleider voltage index is an early electrocardiographic voltage criterion intended to detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). It is calculated as the algebraic sum of the amplitude of the R wave in lead I plus the amplitude of the S wave in lead III (R(I) + S(III)). Classic sources and many contemporary reviews report a commonly used thresho
: Practical explanation and clinical context The GUIDE-IT (Guiding Evidence Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment in Heart Failure) strategy used serial NT-proBNP measurements to target a predefined goal (NT-proBNP < 1,000 pg/mL) and prompted more aggressive titration of guideline-directed medical therapy when values exceeded that threshold. The practical intention is to use NT-proBNP as an objective bi
Gupta Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest (MICA) Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The Gupta MICA model estimates the probability of perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest within 30 days after non-cardiac surgery. It uses five preoperative predictors readily available at assessment: age (continuous), functional status (independent/partially dependent/totally dependent), American Society
Gustilo Open Fracture Classification Explanation and Clinical Context The Gustilo open fracture classification system categorizes open fractures by wound size soft tissue injury contamination and associated vascular injury. Type I indicates a clean wound less than or equal to 1 centimeter with minimal soft tissue damage. Type II indicates a wound greater than 1 centimeter and less than or equal to 10 centimeters with
Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) Length of Stay Prediction: Explanation and Clinical Context The GWTG-HF Length of Stay (LOS) model was developed from a cohort of over 100,000 hospitalizations in the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure registry. It provides an evidence-based estimate of the expected hospital length of stay for patients admitted with acute decompensated he