1,329 calculators and references across 60 specialties, with formula confidence shown up front.
BNP/Troponin Dual Elevation Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The BNP/Troponin Dual Elevation Index is a simple clinical tool designed to stratify risk in patients with acute heart failure or suspected acute coronary syndrome by evaluating simultaneous elevations of B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin. Elevated BNP (>400 pg/mL) reflects myocardial stretch and volume overload, while elevated tr
BODE Index for COPD Prognosis Explanation and Clinical Context The BODE index is a multidimensional prognostic tool that combines body mass index BMI airflow obstruction measured as FEV1 percent predicted dyspnea assessed by the modified Medical Research Council mMRC scale and exercise capacity measured as six minute walk distance in meters. Each component is scored and the total ranges from zero to ten points. Highe
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: Explanation and Clinical Context Body surface area represents the external surface area of the human body and is widely used in clinical medicine because it correlates more closely with physiological parameters compared to actual body weight. BSA is routinely applied in cardiovascular care, nephrology, oncology, and critical care medicine. In hemodynamics, BSA is essential for calculating cardiac index, which is th
Bova Score: Explanation and Clinical Context Bova Score is a validated clinical tool to stratify early risk in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and identify those at higher risk of adverse outcomes, including hemodynamic decompensation. The score uses four variables: heart rate >110 bpm (1 point), systolic blood pressure 90–100 mmHg (1 point), elevated cardiac troponin (1 point), and right ventricular dysf
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia–Pulmonary Hypertension (BPD–PH) Severity Classification: Explanation and Clinical Context BPD–PH is a serious complication of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Classification of severity combines oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age and echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Mild BPD-PH indicates low
: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool estimates the risk of developing cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant therapy, particularly with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab. Risk factors include advanced age, lower baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of hypertension or diabetes, and exposure to cardiotoxic agents. The calculated risk score stratifies patients into Lo
Breathing Reserve (BR%) Calculator: Explanation and Clinical Context Breathing Reserve is the difference between the predicted maximal voluntary ventilation (VEmax) and the peak exercise ventilation (VEpeak), expressed as a percentage of VEmax. It reflects the ventilatory capacity left unused at peak exercise. A normal BR% is typically 20-40%, indicating adequate ventilatory reserve. A lower BR% (<20%) suggests a ven
Explanation BRUE stands for Brief Resolved Unexplained Event and refers to a transient episode in infants characterized by cyanosis or pallor abnormal breathing marked change in tone or altered responsiveness which has returned to baseline at presentation. The American Academy of Pediatrics classifies infants as low risk when they meet all specific criteria including age over sixty days single event less than sixty s
Brugada Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Brugada Risk Score, developed by Brugada et al. in 2010, is a clinical tool designed to stratify the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with Brugada Syndrome. It incorporates key predictors: spontaneous Type 1 ECG pattern, history of syncope, family history of SCD, fragmented QRS, and early repolarization in inferolateral leads. Each variable is ass
Burnout Screening Index Explanation and Clinical Context The Burnout Screening Index provides a structured approach to evaluating symptoms associated with work related emotional stress. It incorporates three core dimensions emotional exhaustion depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion reflects overwhelming fatigue that reduces the ability to engage with work. Depersonalization represents a
C Difficile Recurrence Risk Score Explanation and Clinical Context C Difficile infection remains a significant cause of morbidity particularly in older adults and in individuals with repeated exposure to antibiotics. Recurrence is a frequent challenge that complicates treatment decisions and impacts long term outcomes. The recurrence risk score provides a structured approach to estimate the likelihood of repeated epi
C₂HEST Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The C₂HEST Score is a validated clinical tool designed to predict the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) over 5 years. It was derived from a large Asian cohort and subsequently validated in European populations. The acronym C₂HEST represents six risk factors: Coronary artery disease or Chronic heart failure (2 points), Hypertension, Elderly (age >75 years), Systol
CA125 Congestive Cardiorenal Score (CCRS): Explanation and Clinical Context The CA125 Congestive Cardiorenal Score (CCRS) is a validated risk assessment tool designed to predict adverse cardiorenal events in patients with heart failure. It integrates clinical parameters including age, NYHA functional class, serum creatinine levels, and CA125 levels to estimate the risk of worsening cardiorenal syndrome and overall pr
CAAP-AF and CABANA: Explanation and Clinical Context The CAAP-AF score predicts rhythm success following atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation by incorporating six baseline parameters: coronary artery disease, left atrial (LA) diameter, age, AF type (persistent vs paroxysmal), number of antiarrhythmic drugs failed, and female sex. Each reflects underlying atrial disease and treatment refractoriness. Higher scores correla
CABDEAL Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The CABDEAL Score is a clinical risk stratification tool designed to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. It incorporates seven key clinical variables: Creatinine, Age, Blood pressure, Diabetes status, Heart failure history, Electrolyte abnormalities, and Atrial fibrillation. Each parameter is assigned points based on its con
CABG Complexity Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The CABG Complexity Index is a scoring system used to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It considers factors such as the number of coronary arteries involved, the presence of chronic total occlusions (CTOs), bifurcation lesions, calcified lesions, and thrombus. Higher scores indicate m
CAC Percentile (MESA Reference): Explanation and Clinical Context The Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Percentile, based on the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) reference equations, provides an age-, sex-, and race-specific comparison of an individual’s coronary calcium burden against a large, population-based cohort. It contextualizes the raw Agatston score by expressing it as a percentile of expected CAC f
CACNA1C Variant Long QT Risk Model — Explanation and Clinical Context This tool estimates relative arrhythmic risk in carriers of CACNA1C variants by combining well-recognized predictors from long QT syndrome (LQTS) literature — especially QTc duration and history of syncope or prior cardiac arrest — with gene-specific considerations such as experimentally demonstrated gain-of-function in CACNA1C. QTc elevation, espe
CAD Consortium Score: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The CAD Consortium Score is a validated clinical tool developed to estimate the pre-test probability of obstructive coronary artery disease (>50% stenosis in at least one major epicardial vessel) in patients with stable chest pain. It replaces older prediction models such as the Diamond–Forrester model, which consistently overestimated risk in the m
Comprehensive Explanation: The Coronary Artery Disease – Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) is a standardized reporting framework for Coronary CT Angiography (CCTA) established by the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) and the American College of Radiology (ACR). It categorizes the severity of coronary artery stenosis and provides consistent recommendations for patient management. Normal Values: -
About CADILLAC Risk Score: The CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) Risk Score is a validated prognostic model developed to predict 30-day and 1-year mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It incorporates seven key post-PCI parameters: age >65 years, LVEF <40%, renal
CAGE and CAGE AID addiction screen explanation and clinical context The CAGE questionnaire is a brief screening tool composed of four questions that query perceived need to cut down use feeling annoyed by criticism feeling guilty and the need for an eye opener. The instrument is simple to administer and can be used at point of care to identify individuals who may have problematic alcohol use. CAGE AID adapts the same
Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit CAM ICU Delirium Assessment Tool Explanation and Clinical Context The CAM ICU is a structured bedside method used to identify delirium in critically ill patients including those who are unable to speak due to mechanical ventilation. The assessment consists of four clinical features. Feature one reflects acute onset or a fluctuating course which is determined thr
Canadian C Spine Rule explanation and clinical context The Canadian C Spine Rule is a validated clinical decision rule intended for use in alert and stable adult trauma patients to determine the need for cervical spine imaging. The rule first checks for any high risk criteria including age greater than or equal to 65 years or dangerous mechanism of injury or presence of extremity paresthesia. If any high risk criteri
— Explanation and Clinical Context The CANVAS Program (integrated CANVAS and CANVAS-R trials) randomized patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk to canagliflozin versus placebo on top of standard of care. In the integrated analysis the annualized rate of the primary composite (major adverse cardiovascular events — CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) was approximately 31.5 p
PSA ng/mL Gleason Score Select Gleason six Gleason seven Gleason eight to ten Clinical T Stage Select T one or T two a T two b or T two c T three Percent Positive Biopsy Cores CAPRA Prostate Cancer Score Explanation and Clinical Context The CAPRA Score is a validated clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of prostate cancer progression at diagnosis. It incorporates serum PSA concentration the Gleason grading sys
Caprini Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2010 update) provides a detailed and validated scoring system to estimate venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in surgical patients. Each risk factor is assigned a weight of 1, 2, 3, or 5 points based on its relative contribution to VTE development. Total scores classify patients into risk categories: Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very H
Optional — Plaque and Calcium Context (for display only) Agatston Calcium Score (CACS) High-Risk Plaque (HRP) features count (0–4) Custom Radiomic Signature (from a publication) — Logistic Model Use when you have coefficients from an original paper (intercept and feature weights). Calculator will output linear predictor and probability. Intercept (β0) Feature 1 Name Value (x1) Coefficient (β1) Feature 2 Name Value (x
Cardiac Hepatopathy Severity Index (CHSI) — Explanation and Clinical Context This page implements a proposed, research-use-only Cardiac Hepatopathy Severity Index (CHSI): a transparent composite designed to summarize liver injury/functional impairment and chronic fibrosis surrogates commonly observed in congestive hepatopathy (cardiac hepatopathy). Because no single, widely-adopted numerical 'CHSI' exists in the lite
: Explanation and Clinical Context Cardiac Index represents the cardiac output normalized to body surface area, allowing clinicians to interpret cardiac performance in a manner that accounts for differences in body habitus. This parameter provides a more individualized assessment of circulatory adequacy compared to cardiac output alone. It is expressed in liters per minute per square meter and is widely used in criti
Purpose Estimate the probability of persistence of interstitial myocardial fibrosis after viral myocarditis using cardiac MRI parameters. This is an experimental, literature-informed score designed for educational/decision-support use only. It is not a substitute for clinical judgment or formal guidelines. Cardiac MRI ECV Persistence Score: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool provides an experimental composite
Explanation and Clinical Context Cardiac Output represents the total blood volume ejected from the ventricles every minute. It is determined by multiplying Stroke Volume and Heart Rate and presented in liters per minute. The value reflects the effectiveness of the cardiovascular system in delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Normal Cardiac Output typically ranges from four to eight liters per minute in healthy
Cardiac Output Deficit (COD): Clinical Explanation and Interpretation Cardiac Output Deficit represents the difference between the individualized target cardiac output and the patient’s measured cardiac output. It provides a quantitative measure of how far a patient’s current circulatory performance deviates from the expected requirement based on metabolic demand and body size. A positive COD indicates that the patie
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Cardiac Power Output (CPO): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context Cardiac Power Output is a hemodynamic parameter that quantifies the overall pumping capability of the heart by integrating both cardiac output and mean arterial pressure into a single measure. It reflects the amount of hydraulic energy delivered by the heart to circulate blood throughout the body, and it is expressed in Watts. Unlike isolated
Cardiac Power Output Index (CPO Index) Explanation and Clinical Context Cardiac Power Output Index is a hemodynamic parameter that reflects the amount of hydraulic power generated by the heart per unit of body surface area. It is calculated from Cardiac Power Output, which itself is derived from cardiac output and mean arterial pressure. Because it incorporates both flow and pressure components, the CPO Index provide
Cardiac Rehabilitation Completion Index (CRCI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiac Rehabilitation Completion Index (CRCI) is a measure of patient adherence to prescribed cardiac rehabilitation programs, expressed as the percentage of attended sessions over total prescribed sessions. High CRCI values (>80%) are associated with optimal clinical benefits, including improved exercise capacity, reduced cardiovas
Explanation The Goldman Cardiac Risk Index is one of the earliest validated tools used to estimate perioperative cardiac complications in non-cardiac surgery. Each variable contributes a specific weighted score based on its statistical association with adverse outcomes. Total points determine the risk class, which correlates with predicted complication rates: Class I: 0–5 points (1% risk) Class II: 6–12 points (7% ri
: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator operationalizes the 2014 Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) consensus statement on cardiac sarcoidosis. A definitive diagnosis requires myocardial biopsy showing non-caseating granulomas, whereas a probable diagnosis requires histologically proven extracardiac sarcoidosis plus one or more typical cardiac features and exclusion of other causes. Typical cardiac features includ
: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator implements a population-level cost-effectiveness framework to evaluate cardiac screening programs that identify high-risk individuals and initiate preventive therapy. Users input epidemiologic parameters, screening performance, and cost/QALY data to estimate ICER, QALY gains, and total costs. The model applies reference-case conventions and allows rapid scenario test
Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES): Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) is a validated 10-item tool designed to measure patients’ confidence in managing the challenges of heart disease. Each item is scored from 0 (not at all confident) to 4 (very confident), producing a total score ranging from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy and better likelihood of effective
Cardiac Surgery Frailty Index (Pre-Operative): Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiac Surgery Frailty Index (CSFI) is a multidimensional assessment tool developed by Afilalo and colleagues to quantify preoperative frailty in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It integrates objective and functional domains including gait speed, grip strength, cognition, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and dependence in activities of
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Cardio-Obstetric Mortality Risk (CO-RISK) Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The CO-RISK model, derived from the CARPREG II score, assesses the risk of primary cardiac events in pregnant women with heart disease. This model assigns points based on the presence of specific cardiac risk factors, including prior cardiac events, NYHA functional class, mechanical valve, left ventricular dysfunction, high-risk valve d
Cardiohepatic Index (Hepato-renal Risk Composite): Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiohepatic Index (CHI) is a composite biomarker integrating hepatic and renal dysfunction to predict adverse outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure. It is calculated using serum bilirubin, creatinine, and sodium levels, reflecting the interplay between hepatic congestion, renal impairment, and systemic hemodynamics. E
— Explanation and Clinical Context This algorithm implements a pragmatic, clinic-level approach to interpreting daily pulmonary artery diastolic (PAD) and (optionally) mean pulmonary artery (PAM) pressure readings obtained from an implanted CardioMEMS™ sensor. The logic uses Merlin.net/Abbott default thresholds when available: a narrow "maintenance" band (PAD ±2 mmHg) where no immediate hemodynamic change is usually
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Inflammatory Response Index (CPB-IRI): Explanation and Clinical Context The CPB-IRI is based upon the concept of the systemic immune/inflammation index (SII) — calculated as platelet count multiplied by neutrophil count and divided by lymphocyte count. It serves as a surrogate marker of the inflammatory response initiated during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB activates complement, neutrophil
Cardiopulmonary Exercise (HF) Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiopulmonary Exercise (HF) Risk Score is a validated tool for assessing prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure based on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) parameters. It incorporates age, peak oxygen uptake (Peak VO₂), ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO₂ slope), and history of heart failure hospitalization. Higher scores indic
CPET Long-COVID Pattern Classifier: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool classifies cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) findings in Long-COVID into functional patterns reflecting common physiological derangements, including ventilatory inefficiency, preload failure, chronotropic limitation, gas-exchange impairment, and deconditioning. It integrates established CPET interpretation frameworks and updated post-CO
Cardiotoxicity Risk by Troponin: Explanation and Clinical Context The Cardiotoxicity Risk Calculator estimates the likelihood of developing chemotherapy-induced cardiac dysfunction based on Troponin I (TnI) and Troponin T (TnT) levels. Elevated troponin levels during or shortly after chemotherapy are predictive of subsequent left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Troponin I <0.04 ng/mL is generally associate
History of diabetes No Yes Smoking No Yes Family history of myocardial infarction No Yes LDL cholesterol mg/dL HDL cholesterol mg/dL Triglycerides mg/dL Systolic blood pressure mmHg PROCAM Score: Explanation and clinical context The PROCAM score is a point based algorithm developed from the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. The model estimates the 10 year risk of acute coronary events using age, systolic bloo
Explanation and Clinical Context The SCORE system is a validated clinical tool designed to estimate the ten year risk of fatal cardiovascular events in adults. It was developed from large European cohort datasets and is recommended by several European societies for primary prevention. The SCORE model incorporates age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and smoking status. These variables are chosen beca
CardShock Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The CardShock Risk Score is a validated prognostic tool developed in the multicenter European CardShock Study to estimate short-term (in-hospital) mortality in patients presenting with cardiogenic shock, including both acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and non-ACS aetiologies. It incorporates seven easily available clinical and laboratory variables at admission: age
CARG and CRASH calculators explanation and clinical context These two validated tools help clinicians estimate the probability of severe chemotherapy related toxicity in older adults receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. The CARG model uses eleven pre chemotherapy variables including age at or above 72 years cancer type planned chemotherapy dosing number of chemotherapy drugs patient reported items from a brief geriatric
CARPREG I Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The CARPREG I Score (Canadian Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy Risk Score) is a validated tool to estimate the risk of maternal cardiac complications during pregnancy. It evaluates four predictors: prior cardiac event or arrhythmia, NYHA class III-IV or cyanosis, left heart obstruction (including mitral/aortic stenosis or coarctation), and reduced systemic ventricular fun
CARPREG II Score (2018 Updated Version): Explanation and Clinical Context The CARPREG II risk score is an evidence-based tool to estimate the risk of maternal cardiac complications during pregnancy for women with structural heart disease. It uses clinical variables including prior cardiac events or arrhythmia, baseline NYHA class > II or cyanosis, mechanical heart valve, reduced systemic ventricular function (EF <40%
CARRESS-HF Renal Decompensation Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The CARRESS-HF Renal Decompensation Score is a clinical tool designed to predict the risk of worsening renal function in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. It incorporates patient age, baseline renal function (serum creatinine, BUN), systolic blood pressure, and urine output to stratify risk. This score helps clinicians
CASPAR Psoriatic Arthritis Criteria Explanation and Clinical Context The CASPAR criteria require established inflammatory articular disease as an entry requirement and then assign points for specific features. Current psoriasis is assigned two points. Other features each score one point. A total of three or more points classifies a patient for psoriatic arthritis in the setting of inflammatory articular disease. Thes
CASS Score (Coronary Artery Surgery Study): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context The CASS Score was developed from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study to quantify the anatomical extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) based on angiographic findings. Each major coronary vessel (Left Main, LAD, LCx, RCA) is scored according to the percentage of luminal narrowing and its prognostic weight. A higher