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M-Boston Score (Mitral Arcade Surgical Outcome) Calculator

M-Boston Score (Mitral Arcade Surgical Outcome): Explanation and Clinical Context This scoring model is designed to predict surgical outcomes in patients with mitral arcade anomaly undergoing mitral valve surgery. It incorporates preoperative and intraoperative variables such as leaflet involvement, annular dimension, chordal extension, and ventricular function. A higher score indicates a (worse/better) surgical outc

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MacNew Heart Disease HRQOL Score Calculator

MacNew Heart Disease Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MacNew Heart Disease HRQOL questionnaire is a validated patient-reported outcome tool designed to assess the impact of heart disease on a patient’s physical, emotional, and social functioning. It consists of 27 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = poor, 7 = excellent), which are grouped into three domains: Ph

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MADIT II Risk Score Calculator

MADIT II Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT II Risk Score is a validated tool designed to estimate the 2-year mortality risk in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (<30%). It uses easily obtainable clinical variables including age >70 years, NYHA functional class >I, presence of diabetes, QRS duration >120 ms, atrial fibrillation, BUN >26 m

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MADIT-CRT Responder Score Calculator

MADIT-CRT Responder Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-CRT Responder Score was developed from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) to identify heart failure patients most likely to experience reverse left ventricular remodeling and clinical benefit from CRT. This score integrates key predictors including female sex, non-ischemic e

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MADIT-CRT Response Calculator

MADIT-CRT Response Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-CRT Response Score is a clinical tool developed to predict the likelihood of a favorable response to cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) in patients with heart failure and mild symptoms. The score is based on seven baseline clinical and echocardiographic variables: female sex, non-ischemic etiology, left bundle branch block

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MADIT-II ICD Mortality Benefit Score (MADIT-ICD Benefit Score)

MADIT-ICD Benefit Score — Explanation and clinical context The MADIT-ICD Benefit Score (Younis et al., 2021) integrates two competing risk scores to predict the likelihood that a patient with low LVEF will derive survival benefit from a prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The first component estimates the risk of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT/VF) using eight clinical predicto

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MADIT-II Risk Model (ICD Benefit Prediction) Calculator

MADIT-II Risk Model: Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-II Risk Model is a validated tool to estimate the potential survival benefit of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in patients with prior myocardial infarction and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <30%). It incorporates clinical variables including age, NYHA class, QRS duration, serum creatinine, history of myocardial infarct

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MADIT-RIT Shock Reduction Strategy Index

— Explanation and Clinical Context The MADIT-RIT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial–Reduce Inappropriate Therapy) randomized trial compared three ICD programming strategies designed to minimize unnecessary device therapy: conventional programming (treating tachyarrhythmias starting at ~170 bpm with short detection), high-rate programming (treat only arrhythmias ≥200 bpm), and delayed/duration pro

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MAGGIC Heart Failure Risk Calculator

MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure) score: explanation and clinical context The MAGGIC score is an integer-based risk score derived from an individual patient data meta-analysis of >39,000 heart-failure patients and uses 13 routinely available clinical variables to estimate medium-term mortality. The model assigns integer points to age (with points varying by EF band), LVEF categories, systol

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MAGGIC Mortality Risk Score Calculator

MAGGIC Mortality Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MAGGIC (Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure) Risk Score is a validated prognostic model that estimates all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure, developed from data pooled from over 39,000 patients across 30 studies. It incorporates simple, readily available clinical variables such as age, sex, NYHA class, LVEF, systolic blood

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Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) Calculator

Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index and simplified approach explanation The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index provides a clinical estimate of prognosis based on four baseline variables age ECOG performance status serum lactate dehydrogenase relative to the laboratory upper limit of normal and white blood cell count measured in 10 to the 9 per liter. The original MIPI score is compute

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MAPSE (Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion) Calculator

MAPSE (Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion): explanation, clinical significance and references MAPSE measures the longitudinal displacement of the mitral annulus toward the apex during systole; it is commonly measured by M-mode at the septal and lateral annulus and reported in millimetres. Typical average values reported in contemporary reference studies are approximately 12–15 mm; lower values indicate reduced l

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Maron Model (HCM SCD Prediction) Calculator

Maron Model (HCM SCD Prediction): Explanation and Clinical Context The Maron Model is a validated risk prediction tool for estimating the 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It incorporates easily obtainable clinical and echocardiographic variables, including maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular outflow tract gradient

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Maternal Biomarker Index (BNP-based) Calculator

Maternal Biomarker Index (BNP-based): Explanation and Clinical Context The Maternal Biomarker Index (MBI) is a predictive tool developed to assess the risk of maternal complications during pregnancy, particularly in women with underlying cardiac stress. The index integrates B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels, maternal age, and gestational week to provide a composite score that correlates with the likelihood of a

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Mayo Clinic Cardiotoxicity Risk Score Calculator

Mayo Clinic Cardiotoxicity Risk Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Mayo Clinic Cardiotoxicity Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to predict the risk of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, particularly those treated with anthracyclines. This score integrates various patient-related risk factors, including age, gender, and the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities, to stratify pat

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MCS Score (ACS-MCS) Calculator

ACS-MCS (Mechanical Circulatory Support) Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The ACS-MCS score is a simple, four-point risk score developed to predict 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute coronary syndrome who require short-term mechanical circulatory support (ST-MCS). The model assigns 1 point each for: age > 60 years, pre-ST-MCS lactate > 2.5 mmol/L, presence of acute kidne

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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Calculator

Mean Arterial Pressure MAP: Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context Mean Arterial Pressure represents the average pressure in the arteries throughout one cardiac cycle. MAP is considered a more reliable indicator of tissue perfusion compared to systolic or diastolic pressure alone because it incorporates both systole and diastole within a single integrated value. The commonly used clinical formula uses one thi

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Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) Calculator

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): Explanation and Clinical Context Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) is a measure of the average size of platelets in the blood, reflecting platelet production and activation. It is calculated using the formula: MPV (fL) = (Plateletcrit [%] × 10) / Platelet count (10^9/L). MPV is a useful biomarker in cardiovascular medicine as higher values have been associated with increased platelet reactivity a

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MECKI Score (Cardiopulmonary Exercise + Clinical) Calculator

MECKI Score (Metabolic Exercise test data combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes): Explanation and clinical context The MECKI score is a prognostic model developed in a large multicenter registry of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. It integrates two cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables—percent predicted peak oxygen uptake (%predicted peak VO2) and VE/VCO2 slope—with routine clini

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Medicine Half Life and Clearance Calculator

Medicine Half Life and Clearance Explanation and Clinical Context The concept of half life describes the amount of time required for the concentration of a drug in the body to fall to half of its initial value and it plays a fundamental role in determining dosing interval, steady state time, and drug accumulation especially in long term pharmacotherapy. Clearance represents the volume of plasma completely cleared of

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MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) Calculator

MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease): Explanation and clinical context The MELD score is an objective, laboratory-based model developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with advanced liver disease and to assist in prioritizing liver transplant allocation. The original formula (Kamath/Wiesner et al.) uses three laboratory inputs — serum total bilirubin (mg/dL), international normalized ratio (INR), and

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MELD-HF Score (Transplant Candidacy) Calculator

MELD-HF Score (Transplant Candidacy): Explanation and Clinical Context The MELD-HF Score is a modified version of the original Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) used to prioritize patients with advanced heart failure for transplant. It incorporates key laboratory parameters: serum creatinine, total bilirubin, INR, and serum sodium, reflecting renal function, hepatic function, coagulation status, and electrolyt

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MELD-Lactate Calculator (for cardiac surgery patients)

MELD-Lactate (for postoperative risk prediction): Explanation and clinical context The MELD-Lactate score was proposed to combine standard liver-failure predictors (the original MELD score, which uses bilirubin, INR and creatinine) with immediate postoperative lactate levels to improve early mortality prediction after major surgery. The original publication (Cardoso et al., Transplant Proceedings 2014) derived the fo

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MELD-Na (including sodium) Calculator

MELD-Na (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease including serum sodium): explanation and clinical context The MELD score is a widely validated, laboratory-based model to estimate short-term (90-day) mortality in patients with advanced liver disease; it uses serum bilirubin, INR, and serum creatinine as inputs. The MELD-Na score augments MELD by incorporating serum sodium as an independent predictor of mortality in cirrhos

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MELD-XI (Excluding INR) Calculator

MELD-XI (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease — excluding INR): Explanation and clinical context MELD-XI is a modification of the original MELD score intended to provide a prognostic measure of hepatorenal dysfunction when INR is unreliable (for example, in patients on anticoagulation). The commonly used formula is: MELD-XI = 5.11 × ln(total bilirubin [mg/dL]) + 11.76 × ln(serum creatinine [mg/dL]) + 9.44. To avoid math

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MELD-XI Score (for Advanced Heart Failure, Pre-Transplant)

MELD-XI Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MELD-XI Score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Excluding INR) is a validated modification of the original MELD score, designed to assess combined hepatic and renal dysfunction in patients with advanced heart failure, especially those being evaluated for heart transplantation. Unlike the traditional MELD score, MELD-XI omits INR from the equation to avoid distortio

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Menopause-Associated ASCVD Risk Adjuster

: Explanation and Clinical Context This tool estimates a woman’s 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), incorporating traditional risk factors such as age, blood pressure, lipid profile, and smoking status, with an additional adjustment for age at menopause. Early menopause (before 55 years) is independently associated with increased ASCVD risk due to prolonged estrogen deficiency. The algori

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MESS Mangled Extremity Severity Score Calculator

Interpretation guidance The Mangled Extremity Severity Score is the sum of four component scores skeletal and soft tissue injury limb ischemia shock and patient age. A multiply of the limb ischemia component is applied when warm ischemia time exceeds six hours leading to a higher effective ischemia contribution in the total. Historically total scores of seven or greater have been associated with a high likelihood of

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Metabolic Age Acceleration Index (CV Projection) Calculator

Metabolic Age Acceleration Index (CV Projection): Explanation and Clinical Context The Metabolic Age Acceleration Index (MAAI) is a composite measure designed to quantify cardiovascular risk in relation to metabolic aging. It integrates chronological age with clinical biomarkers including BMI, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol, reflecting the biological acceleration of cardiovascular agi

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Metabolic Syndrome (ATP III) Score Composite

: Explanation and Clinical Context The ATP III definition operationalizes metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a cluster of five components—central obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting plasma glucose—of which any three confer a diagnosis. The original ATP III report (2001) used fasting plasma glucose ≥110 mg/dL; in 2005, an AHA/NHLBI scientific statement alig

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Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria Calculator

Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria Explanation and Clinical Context Metabolic syndrome represents a clustering of interrelated metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes. The diagnostic criteria used in this tool follow the Adult Treatment Panel Three guidelines which define metabolic syndrome as the presence of at least three of five components. These include a

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Metabolic Syndrome Severity Z-Score Calculator

Metabolic Syndrome Severity Z-Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The Metabolic Syndrome Severity Z-Score is a continuous measure of metabolic syndrome severity derived from waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, adjusted for age and sex. This score allows clinicians and researchers to quantify metabolic risk on a continuous scale rather than a binary presence/ab

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Metformin Benefit Prediction Model (Cardio-Protection) Calculator

Metformin Cardio-Protection: Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator estimates the potential absolute cardiovascular risk reduction when adding or continuing metformin, by applying an assumed relative risk reduction (RRR) to a patient’s baseline cardiovascular event risk over a specified time horizon. It is intended for scenario planning rather than definitive prognostication because, to date, there is no un

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METs (metabolic equivalents) Calculator

METs Calculator: Explanation and Clinical Context Metabolic equivalent, or MET, is a standardized physiological measure used to estimate the energy cost of physical activities. One MET represents the resting oxygen consumption of approximately 3.5 ml per kilogram per minute. This value corresponds to the average resting metabolic rate of an adult. METs are derived directly from peak oxygen consumption, allowing clini

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Michigan Alcohol Screening Test MAST Calculator

Michigan Alcohol Screening Test MAST Explanation and Clinical Context The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test is one of the earliest and most widely used tools for identifying individuals at risk of alcohol related problems. It evaluates behavioral patterns social consequences and personal perceptions related to drinking. The questionnaire includes items that reflect loss of control social impairment and potential medica

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MIDA Mortality Risk (Degenerative MR Surgery) Calculator

MIDA Mortality Risk (Degenerative MR Surgery): Explanation and Clinical Context The MIDA Mortality Risk Score is a validated prognostic model derived from the Multicenter International Database on Mitral Valve Regurgitation (MIDA) registry. It uses seven clinical and echocardiographic parameters — age, symptoms, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left atr

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Milan Criteria for Liver Transplant in HCC Calculator

Milan Criteria for Liver Transplant in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Explanation and Clinical Context The Milan Criteria define a simple morphological selection rule for liver transplant candidacy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The rule is a single tumor with maximum diameter of 5 centimeters or less or up to three tumor nodules with each nodule 3 centimeters or less in diameter. These size and number rules ap

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Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) Calculator

Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ): Explanation and Clinical Context The MLHFQ is a disease-specific instrument designed to assess the impact of heart failure on a patient’s quality of life over the past month. It contains 21 items, each scored from 0 (no impact) to 5 (very much impact), covering both physical (items 1,2,3,4,5,14,15) and emotional (items 6,7,8,9,10,11,16,17,18) domains. The tot

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Minute Ventilation and Work of Breathing Calculator

Minute Ventilation and Work of Breathing Explanation and Clinical Context Minute ventilation represents the total volume of air that a person moves in one minute and is calculated by multiplying tidal volume with respiratory rate. It reflects the global mechanical demand placed on the respiratory system. Normal resting minute ventilation is usually between five and eight liters per minute although it can increase sig

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MIRACLE Score (CRT Response) Calculator

MIRACLE Score: Explanation and Clinical Context The MIRACLE Score is a validated scoring system designed to predict the likelihood of a positive response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) in patients with advanced heart failure. It incorporates clinical and echocardiographic variables including age, QRS duration, ischemic etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and NYHA functional class. The tot

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MIS-C Cardiac Severity Index (Cardiogenic Shock Risk) Calculator

MIS-C Cardiac Severity Index (Cardiogenic Shock Risk): Explanation and Clinical Context This calculator applies a validated multivariable model designed to predict cardiogenic shock in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C). The score is computed as: 0.128 × Age (years) + 1.195 × Dyspnea (1 if present) + 0.007 × CRP (mg/L) − 2.6732. A threshold of −0.4761 distinguishes high- from low-risk patients at

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MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index Calculator

MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index: Explanation and Clinical Context The MitraClip MR Severity Reduction Index quantifies the procedural success and functional benefit after percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. It combines the reduction in mitral regurgitation (MR) severity and the expected improvement in left ventricular function, expressed as an integrated numeric score. A higher index reflects both ef

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Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score Calculator

Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score (MCRRS): Explanation and Clinical Context The Mitral Clip Registry Risk Score (MCRRS) is a validated point-based tool designed to predict short-term and mid-term mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) using MitraClip. It incorporates clinical, echocardiographic, and comorbidity factors including age, NYHA class IV, left ventricular ejecti

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Mitral Regurgitation Severity Index (MRSI) Calculator

Mitral Regurgitation Severity Index (MRSI): Explanation and Clinical Context The Mitral Regurgitation Severity Index (MRSI) is a composite scoring system used to quantify the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR). It integrates echocardiographic parameters including vena contracta width, effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA), regurgitant volume, left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular eje

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MitraScore Predictive Score Calculator

Age ≥ 75 years (Enter “1” if yes, “0” if no) Anemia (1 = yes, 0 = no) eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (1 = yes, 0 = no) Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) < 40 % (1 = yes, 0 = no) Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) (1 = yes, 0 = no) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (1 = yes, 0 = no) High‐dose diuretic therapy (1 = yes, 0 = no) No therapy with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (1 = yes, 0 = no) MitraS

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ML-HF Risk Stratifier (Gradient Boosting model)

ML-HF Risk Stratifier — Explanation and Clinical Context The ML-HF Risk Stratifier presented here is a prototype web tool that approximates the behavior of a gradient-boosting model (CatBoost) for predicting a composite 30-day outcome after a heart failure (HF) emergency department visit or hospitalization: HF-related ED visit, HF hospital readmission, or all-cause death. The underlying published work (Fine et al., 2